Buy essays: October 2019

Wednesday, October 30, 2019

Does Religion Cause War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Does Religion Cause War - Essay Example Beliefs are the key word of the definition. When an individual or group has a set of religious beliefs, these beliefs are their life. Religious beliefs are the main component reflecting decisions that one may make. This means that religious beliefs do not cause war but may influence decisions made after a war has already begun. This can raise argument but truth has shown that most war has begun as a result of territory and possessions and not solely because of religion. Religion regarding beliefs has been an issue of war since creation. Every individual practices some form of religion like Christianity, Judaism, or Atheism. Each form of religion is similar in the sense that the belief is a religion and a way of life. Each religion is also quite different. Many like those in the Christian religion are persecuted for their religious beliefs and cannot be caught acting in a Christian manner. The persecution creates a war in the life of the Christian. They must choose between honoring th eir beliefs and being persecuted. The United States, according to a poll by ABC news consist of 83% Christians. This may be because Christianity is so well tolerated in America and Christians can freely practice Christianity. In other areas of the world Christianity is not accepted and has been known to cause war. This war is more so between the Christian and Muslim communities.

Monday, October 28, 2019

Translation Shifts In Students Translated Texts English Language Essay

Translation Shifts In Students Translated Texts English Language Essay People living in this world are divided by their cultures. Language as the part of culture holds an important role in peoples lives because it enables people to express their ideas either by talking or writing to others. In the earlier times, people did not seem to have problems related to the communication since they only needed to communicate with people in the same community who had good knowledge of the language they used. However, along with the growth of the age marked by the advance of communication devices and the needs of people to communicate to others outside their communities, the problem of communication starts to occur since people have to communicate with others having different languages in terms of its grammatical structures, its vocabularies, and even its spellings. It causes difficulties for people who are not accustomed to those differences. In order to solve the problems between two different languages, people use translation. Basically, translation is a tool to deliver meaning from source language (SL) to target language (TL). To make sure the meaning is perfectly delivered, a translator must re-construct the text by translating the words from SL to TL and arrange them based on the structures of sentence in TL so the structures are suitable with TL and there will be no loss of meaning. Knowing the importance to master translation skills, universities in Indonesia open a subject studying translation, and one of them is Translation Skill subject in English Department State University of Jakarta focusing on studying translation between English and Indonesian languages. In this Translation Skill subject, besides studying the theories related to translation such as the process, the methods, and the strategies of translation, students also conduct the activity of translating, that is to translate texts from English to Indonesian language and vice versa. In order to become a professional translator, students do not only have to master proper knowledge concerning translation theories but also they have to able to translate different kinds of text from foreign languages, in this case, English to Indonesian language in a proper form which means that the text can be read easily and its meaning remains intact. However in the implementation, students may face problems especially related to the different structures between English and Indonesian because indeed, as Moentaha (2006:12) states, every language has its specific grammatical and lexical systems. Actually, there many strategies, procedures, and techniques provided by translation experts to solve difficulties in translating as well as to prevent any distortions of meaning and errors which may be conducted by a translator especially students of English Department as novice translators, and one of them is translation shift. Catford (1965:73) defines translation shift as the departures from formal correspondence in the process of going from the SL to the TL. The shift can occur when a translator is translating a text from SL to TL by concerning some adaptations namely structural adaptation which causes the shift of form and semantic adaptation which causes the shift of meaning (Nida and Taber, 1969:105). Shifts are categorized into two major types, namely level shifts, the different level of equivalence between SL and TL items and category shifts, the departure of formal correspondence which are divided into four categories namely structure shifts, unit shifts, class shifts, and intra-system shifts (Catford, 1965:76). Studying those shifts in translation raises the curiosity of the writer to find out the types of shifts which occur in English Department students translated texts as well as the patterns of shift the students use to solve different structures between English and Indonesian language. Research Questions The questions to be answered in this study are: What type of shifts occurs in students translated texts? What shifts do dominantly occur in students translated texts? What pattern of shifts used by students to bridge the different grammatical structures between English and Indonesian? What pattern of shifts does dominantly occur in every type of shifts? Purpose of the Study The study aims at discovering the types of translation and classifying patterns of shifts occurring when students translate a text from English to Indonesian. From those kinds of translation shift and its patterns, the study also aims at figuring out the kinds of translation shift which dominantly occur in the translated text and the patterns of shift which are dominantly used by students to bridge the different grammatical structure between English and Indonesian. Limitation of the Study The study will focus on analyzing translation shifts occurring in thirty-five translated texts randomly taken from midterm test on Translation 2 subject conducted by students of English Literature Study Program English Department State University of Jakarta. The writer will use the theory of translation shifts provided by John Cunnison Catford in his book A Linguistic Theory of Translation dividing shifts into five categories namely level shifts, structure shifts, class shifts, unit shifts, and intra-system shifts. Significance of the Study Besides can enrich the field of translation in English Department State University of Jakarta, this study is expected to enhance the ability of English Department students as novice translators to translate texts from English to Indonesian as equivalent as possible by concerning the shifts they can use to solve different structures between English and Indonesian. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW This chapter consists of definition of translation, process of translation, method of translation, definition of translation shifts, types of translation shifts, and the use of midterm test on Translation 2 subject as the source of data. 2.1. Definition of Translation Translation rises as an activity to translate message from source language containing meaning and words, and to reproduce them in a target language which can be understood by its readers. Although the elements of translation source text, meaning or information, and target text are agreed by translation experts proven by the presence of those elements in their definitions of translation, they have different ways to express the definition of translation. Catford (1978:20) defines translation as the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL). From the phrase equivalent textual material above, it can be figured out that the main thing which should be replaced is the information. In other words, a translator has to be capable of replacing the information in source text with equivalent information in target text. Another definition of translation is also presented by Nida (1969:12) stating that translation consists of reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalence of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. On that definition, Nida explains clearly that the main activity a translator has to do is to convey the message from source language to target language as natural as possible by regarding its meaning and style. Besides meaning and style, there is another thing which should be considered by translators if they want to create a good translation the intention of the source texts author. The concept is derived from Newmark (1988:5) who states that translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text. Therefore, before translating a text, a translator has to read the whole text to understand the intention of STs author in making the text. In other words, a translator is like a bridge connecting the intention of STs author to the readers of target text. A balance between forms of language and structures of meaning which creates a complete package of a proper translation is delivered by Larson (1984:3) who states: Translation is transferring the meaning of the source language into the receptor language. This is done by going from the form of the first language to the form of a second language by way of semantic structure. It is meaning which is being transferred and must be held constant. On that definition, the first activity translators have to do is to transfer the meaning constantly from SL to TL continued by delivering it in the appropriate form of TL to prevent any loss or distortion of meaning. 2.2. Process of Translation Before explaining the process of translation deeper, one thing to be considered is the meaning of process. Oxford Advance Learners Dictionary (2000:1050) provides three definitions of process and the first one is appropriate with translation defining process as a series of things that are done in order to achieve a particular result. Another definition of process is also provided by Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (2002:899) defining process as rangkaian tindakan, pembuatan, atau pengolahan yang menghasilkan produk. Two definitions of process above can be concluded that to achieve certain goals, there are a series of actions should be conducted. The same matter also occurs in translation when a translator has to undergo a series of processes to translate texts from SL to TL as stated by translation experts below. Larson (1988:3) provides three steps to produce a translation. First thing translators need to do is to learn the lexicons, grammatical structures, communication circumstances, and cultural contexts from source language continued by analyzing the SL texts to find out its meaning. Finally, the meaning is re-expressed using the lexicons and grammatical structures of target language and its cultural contexts as drawn on the figure below: Figure 1 SOURCE LANGUAGE TARGET LANGUAGE Text to be translated Discover the meaning Meaning Re-express the meaning Translation In line with Larson, Nida and Taber (1982:33) also draws a figure to explain that translation has to undergo three processes namely analysis, transfer, and restructuring called Three Stages of Process as shown below: A (Source) (Analysis) X Y (Restructuring) B (Receptor) (Transfer) Figure 2 On the first stage namely analysis stage, the message in language A is analyzed in terms of its grammatical relationships as well as its meaning and combination of words in the form of X. Secondly, on the transfer stage, those analyzed materials are transferred in the mind of the translator from language A to language B in the form of Y. Finally, on the restructuring stage, the transferred materials are restructured in order to make the final message fully acceptable in the receptor language. Moreover, Newmark (1988:19) divides the process of translation into four levels namely the textual level, the referential level, the cohesive level, and the naturalness level. On the textual level, translators have to find the equivalence of SL grammar in TL, translate its lexical units, and put them in the appropriate form of TL sentences. However, there are some words having more than one meaning including idioms and figurative expressions in the source text and these are the task of translators in the referential level, to define the real meaning behind those expressions and put those meaning in the appropriate expressions in the target text. To link the textual and referential level, translators should advance to the next level namely cohesive level. In this level, translators use connective words which can unite the text such as conjunctions, enumerations, reiterations, definite articles, general words, referential synonyms, and punctuation marks (Newmark, 1988:23). In other wor ds, to secure the meaning of the text, translators have to secure its form first because if the sentences in the text are not linked together, the readers will not get the meaning of the text. Finally, on the last level, focusing on constructing translated texts, translators have to make sure that their translated texts make sense and read naturally for a certain kind of situation because the translated texts seem natural in one context, may not seem natural in other contexts. Nothing translators can do other than to read their whole translated texts, underline some unnatural expressions, and replace them with the more natural ones. 2.3. Method of Translation In their attempt to distinguish between methods, strategies, and techniques, Molina and Albir (2002:507) define methods of translation as the way of a particular translation process that is carried out in terms of translators objective, i.e., a global option that affects the whole texts and their definition is strengthened by Newmark (1988:81) stating that translation methods relate to whole texts, while translation procedures are used sentences and the smaller units of language. It can be concluded that the result of translated texts is determined by the methods of translation used by translators because the aim and the intention of translators will affect the overall result of their translated texts. Newmark (1988:45) draws the methods of translation in the form of a V diagram dividing them into SL emphasis such as word-for-word translation, literal translation, faithful translation, as well as semantic translation, and TL emphasis such as adaptation, free translation, idiomatic tr anslation, as well as communicative translation. 2.3.1 Word-for-Word Translation This method is used on the pre-translation phase where the TL words are directly put below the SL words as so called interlinear translation. Cultural words are translated literally out of the context. Translators only need to find the equivalent words from SL to TL but the position of those SL words remains intact in TL to understand the mechanism of TL and as Catford states (1965:25) to illustrate in a crude way differences structure between SL and TL for further studies. 2.3.2 Literal Translation This method of translation is between word-for-word and free translation where the words are still translated out of context as in word-for-word translation but then they are placed based on the grammatical structure of TL. 2.3.3 Faithful Translation In faithful translation, translators try to reproduce the contextual meaning of SL to TL and place them based on the grammatical structure of TL. Cultural words are translated but its grammatical and lexical abnormality still occurs. Faithful here means the translation attempt to be completely faithful to the intentions and text-realisation of the SL writer. 2.3.4 Semantic Translation This method of translation produces a more natural translation than the previous method since in semantic translation, the aesthetic element is taken into consideration and cultural words in SL are translated into its cultural equivalent in TL. Semantic translation is more flexible than faithful translation which Newmark (1988:46) says as an uncompromising and dogmatic method. 2.3.5 Adaptation Adaptation as the freest form of translation is commonly used in translating poetries and script of plays where cultural conversions occur from SL to TL without changing the themes, characters, or plot of SL. Therefore, if translators want to adapt a script of play, for example, they have to maintain the characters and plot of the script while adapting only its dialogues from SL to TL. 2.3.6 Free Translation In this method, the content of source text takes more priority than its form so paraphrase is commonly used to assure the message from source text can be clearly delivered to the readers of target text. 2.3.7 Idiomatic Translation When translators reach this method, their translations will not sound like translated texts anymore since in this method, the message is reproduced in TL with more natural and familiar expressions sometimes using colloquialisms and idioms which do not exist in SL. 2.3.8 Communicative Translation This method prioritizes the elements of communication such as purpose of translation and readership (Machali, 2000:55), so translators have to translate the contextual meaning of SL both its language and its content to be acceptable and understandable for readers of TL who expect no difficulties in reading translated texts. 2.4 Definition of Translation Shifts As stated on the scope of study, the writer will use the theory of translation shifts provided mainly by Catford added with some other explanations from Newmark as well as Vinay and Darbelnet. Catford (1965:73) defines translation shifts as the departures from formal correspondence in the process of going from SL to TL. Items which can be shifted are grammar as Newmark (1988:55) states shift is translation procedure involving a change in grammar from SL to TL, and word-class as Vinay and Darbelnet (1958:64) state transposition is the replacement of one word-class by another without changing the meaning of the message. Newmark (1988:85) states at least four reasons behind the occurrence of shifts. The first one is when SL and TL have different language systems so the shifts occur automatically and translators have no options but to undergo those shifts as in the translation of English plural words A pair of glasses to Indonesian singular words Sepasang kacamata and the position of adjectives as in A beautiful woman translated into Wanita cantik (Hartono, 2009:28). Another reason is when the grammatical structures of SL do not exist in TL, for example the initial position of verb in Indonesian sentences which is not familiar in English sentences except in imperative sentences. Therefore, it uses common structures of sentence as in the translation of Telah disahkan penggunaannya to Its usage has been approved (Hartono, 2009:29). Further, shifts also occur where literal translation is grammatically possible but may not accord with natural usage in the TL so it is the matter of naturalness between SL a nd TL, for example the change of word-class from noun to verb as in the translation of The pursuits of an intellectual life to Mengejar kehidupan intelektual. The last, shifts occur to replace virtual lexical gap by a grammatical structure, for example the change from phrase to clause as in the translation of The man with blue jacket is Mr. Green to Lelaki yang memakai jaket biru adalah Tuan Green (Hartono, 2009:30). 2.5 Types of Translation Shifts There are five types of shifts provided by Catford (1965:73) divided into two major types namely level shifts, and category shifts consisting of structure shifts, class shifts, unit shifts, and intra-system shifts. 2.5.1 Level Shifts Level shift occurs when an item at one linguistic level in SL has its translation equivalent at different level in TL (Catford, 1965:73). The only possible level shift in translation is the shift from grammar to lexis and vice versa as in the translation between English This text is intended for. to French Le present Manuel sadresse a. From the example above, level shift occurs when English this as a term in grammatical system of deictic is translated to French le present as a modifier consisting an article + a lexical adjective. Another example is from English He is eating a noodle soup translated to Indonesian Dia sedang makan mie rebus where a grammatical structure of English present continuous tense (is + V-ing) is translated to Indonesian lexicon sedang. 2.5.2 Category Shifts Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary (2000:196) defines category as a group of people or things with particular features in common. Catford (1965:76) states category shift refers to some shifts which share a particular feature departures from formal correspondence in translation. Category shifts is divided into four types namely structure shifts, class shifts, unit shifts, and intra-system shifts. 2.5.2.1 Structure Shifts Structure shifts grammatically occur at any ranks of language where words, phrase, clauses, or sentences in SL has its translation equivalent with the same rank in TL so only their structures are different. Catford (1965:77) gives an example of structure shifts in clause rank from English clause The man is in the boat. to Gaelic clause Tha an duine anns a bhata. where their subjects are highlighted, their predicators are italicized and their adjuncts are underlined. A shift of structure occurs since the subject and the predicator of English clause exchange their position when the clause is translated to Gaelic so the structure S-P-A in English is switched into P-S-A in Gaelic. Another structure shift also occurs at phrase rank from A beautiful woman with adjective + noun in English to wanita yang cantik with noun + adjective in Indonesian. 2.5.2.2 Class Shifts Class shifts occur when the translation equivalent of a SL item is a member of a different class from the original item. An example given by Catford (1965:79) clearly shows a change of class from English phrase A white house to French phrase Une maison blanche where the English adjective white as a modifier (M) has its equivalence in French adjective blanche as a qualifier (Q) although both of them are adjectives, they possess different functions as a modifier in English and as a qualifier in French. A change of class also occurs when an English clause They insist on higher wages is translated into an Indonesian clause Mereka menuntut kenaikan gaji. The example shows that the English adjective of comparative higher changes to Indonesian noun kenaikan. 2.5.2.3 Unit Shifts Unit shifts occur when the translation equivalent of a unit at one rank in the SL is a unit at different rank in the TL. An example comes from the translation of English clause My father is very nice to Indonesian clause Ayahku sangat baik where a phrase in SL my father has a word ayahku in TL as its equivalence. 2.5.2.4 Intra-System Shifts Intra-system shifts are departures from formal correspondence where (a term operating in) one system in the SL has its translation equivalent (a term operating in) a different non-corresponding system in the TL, the shifts occur internally within a system. Vinay and Darbelnet in Catford (1965:80) give examples of the system related to the singular and plural form of words between English and French. An English singular word advice has translation equivalent a French plural word des concils and vice versa, a French singular word le pantalon has translation equivalent an English plural word trousers. 2.6 Midterm Test on Translation 2 Subject as the Source of Data Translation Skill is one of the subjects provided by English Department State University of Jakarta divided into two subjects taken continuously in different semesters namely Translation 1 in the fourth semester and Translation 2 in the fifth semester. Both subjects have four credits and are held twice a week. The purpose of this subject is to prepare reliable translators who can translate various kinds of texts including legal and non-legal text from English to Indonesian and vice versa. To reach its goal, students are not only given theories of translation such as definition, process, and various strategies to produce adequate translation, but they are also assigned to translate various kinds of texts to train their translation skill and to apply the theories they are studying. In the middle of the meetings, Translation 2 holds midterm test on November 2nd 2012 which consists of two parts. On the first part, students are given two texts and they have to choose the types of those texts whether persuasive, descriptive, or expository as well as to give their reasons regarding their choices. What will be analyzed by the writer is the second part of the test where students have to translate two texts from English to Indonesian titled The Meaning of English Literature and Enhancing the Role of Forests in Adapting to Climate Change as clearly, naturally, and accurately as possible. Although this is a midterm test, students are still allowed to open their dictionaries but it only helps them to find the lexical meaning of words. They still have to pay more attention to find its contextual meaning and to adjust their translations in the appropriate structures of Indonesian language using the strategies they have learnt so far, and one of the strategies may be transla tion shifts. Translated texts from midterm test are chosen as the source of data because during midterm test, students are translating the texts more carefully and more seriously to produce clear, natural, and accurate translations in order to obtain proper score. It comes better possibility to produce better translation. CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This chapter consists of theoretical framework, research method, data and source of data, data collection procedures, and data analysis procedures. 3.1. Theoretical Framework Following up the definition of translation by Larson who states translation is to transfer the meaning and to change the form of texts from SL to TL, the writer will conduct a study about translation shift in students translated texts. Catford (1965:73) defines translation shifts as the departures from formal correspondence in the process of going from SL to TL. In other words, there will be some changes of form when a text is translated from SL to TL. Newmark (1988:85) states shifts occur when SL and TL have different language systems, when the grammatical structures of SL do not exist in TL, when literal translation is grammatically possible but may not accord with natural usage in the TL, and when translators want to replace virtual lexical gap by a grammatical structure. The translated texts are taken from English Department State University of Jakarta students answer sheets of Translation 2 midterm test and those translated texts will be analyzed using the theories of translatio n shifts by Catford who divided shifts into five categories namely level shifts, structure shifts, class shifts, unit shifts, and intra-system shifts. The writer chooses to analyze translated texts from midterm test because during midterm test, students will be more serious and more careful in doing their tests to obtain proper score so the possibility to produce better translation is higher. 3.2 Research Method In this study, the writer will use descriptive analysis as the method of the study. Kountur (2004:105) defines descriptive as a kind of research which gives descriptions or analyses over a situation as clearly as possible without manipulating the objects being observed. Therefore, in descriptive analysis method, the writer will describe the data and continued by analyzing them as Ratna (2010:53) states that descriptive analysis method is conducted by describing facts followed by analyses providing sufficient understanding and explanation. 3.3 Data and Sources of Data Thirty-five translated texts in Indonesian language from midterm test on Translation 2 subject will be used as the source of data. The analysis will be focused on the words, phrases, and clauses in the texts as the data. 3.4 Data Collection Procedures Data collection is a process of recording an event and gathering pertinent information (La Pierre and Zimmerman, 1997:39). In this study, the writer will collect the data using following procedures: Asking for permission from the lecturers of Translation 2 subject to borrow answer and question sheets. Copying the answer and the question sheets. Reading two English texts in the question sheet. Reading two translated texts written in Indonesian from students answer sheets. Underlining words, phrases, and clauses where translation shifts occur to be categorized and analyzed later. 3.5 Data Analysis Procedures After collecting the data, the writer will analyze them using the procedures below: Drawing a table consisting of English items, Indonesian items, and types of shift columns as following: English Items Indonesian Items Level Shifts Category Shifts Structure Shifts Class Shifts Unit Shifts Intra-system Shifts Name of Students: Filling English and Indonesian Items columns with the words, phrases, or clauses from both versions of texts to be analyzed. Determining the patterns of shift on the types of shift columns as shown below: English Items Indonesian Items Level Shifts Category Shifts Structure Shifts Class Shifts Unit Shifts Intra-system Shifts They insist on higher wages Mereka menuntut kenaikan gaji Adjective to Noun Listing the types and the patterns of shift used by every student as shown below: Student A Types of Shift Amount Patterns of Shift Amount Level Shifts 14 Grammar to Lexis 14 Structure Shifts 10 Adj+N to N+Adj 10 Class Shifts 12 Adjective to Noun 9 Noun to Adjective 3 Unit Shifts 11 Word to Phrase 4 Phrase to Word 7 Intra-System Shifts 15 Plural to Singular 15 Stating the dominant types and patterns of shift. For example, the table above shows that the dominant type of shift is intra-system shifts while the dominant patterns of shift are grammar to lexis from level shifts, Adj+N to N+Adj from structure shifts, Adjective to Noun from class shifts, Phrase to Word from unit shifts, and Plural to Singular from intra-system shifts.

Friday, October 25, 2019

The Diversity of Characters, Attitudes, and Messages through Different

The different translations of The Oedipus Cycle emphasize and suggest different aspects of the presented scene. There are multiple examples of this in the comparison of The Fitts and FitzgeraldÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Translation and the Luci Berkowitz and Theodore F. BrunnerÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Translation. Such as the differences in format, sentence structure, and diction imply different characteristics. Also, similarities in the two translations reinforce the importance of the concepts. Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ The most noticeable difference in the two translations is the format of writing. The Fitts and FitzgeraldÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Translation was in a formal poem format whereas the Luci Berkowitz and Theodore F. BrunnerÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Translation was in a more informal paragraph. The diction of the two paragraphs reflects the formal versus informal aspect as well. For example, in comparing the first lines of both translations, it was noticed that the Fitts and FitzgeraldÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Translation referred to the public as, Ã¢â‚¬Å"generations of the living in the line of Kadmos, nursed at his ancient hearthÃ¢â‚¬ (F & F,) while the translators of Luci Berkowitz and Theodore F. BrunnerÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Translation referred to the public as simply, Ã¢â‚¬Å"the sons of the ancient house of CadmusÃ¢â‚¬ (LB & TB.) The first translation offered much more information and description of the population of Thebes. Also, the phrase Ã¢â‚¬Å"nursed at hisÃ¢â‚¬ ¦ hearthÃ¢â‚¬ requires the reader to be of a hi gher education because Ã¢â‚¬Å"hearthÃ¢â‚¬ is not in the everyday vocabulary of just anyone. Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ On of the most dominant similarities between the two translations is the OedipusÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s arrogance. The first part of the sentence, if it were viewed separately, sounded like Oedipus genuinely cared for the people when he said, Ã¢â‚¬Å"I choose not to hear it from my messengers, but came myselfÃ¢â‚¬ (LB & TB.) This quote showed how Oedipus was putting out the effort of coming out to the general public to see how bad things were. He did not wish to just sit back and find out the news through hearsay. He wished to see it for himself. All of his sensitivity was then void with the rest of the sentence when he said, Ã¢â‚¬Å"I have come myself to hear you Ã¢â‚¬â€œ I, Oedipus, who bear the famous nameÃ¢â‚¬ (F & F.) The rest of the sentence gave off the impression that Oedipus was telling his own people that they were lucky that he even came out to see them. A man as important and famous as he should not n... ...tz and Theodore F. BrunnerÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Translation, Oedipus addressed the citizens as, Ã¢â‚¬Å"children, sons of the ancient house of CadmusÃ¢â‚¬ (LB & TB,) and in the Fitts and FitzgeraldÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Translation, Oedipus addressed the populace as, Ã¢â‚¬Å"my children, generations of the living in the line of KadmosÃ¢â‚¬ (F & F.) Although they may not seem to be very different at all, they are in fact extremely different. By addressing the people as Ã¢â‚¬Å"childrenÃ¢â‚¬ versus Ã¢â‚¬Å"my children,Ã¢â‚¬ Oedipus switched the relationship from a ruler and the ruled to a father and his children. Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ Ã‚ To an unaided eye, it may appear as if there is no significant difference between one translation and another, but in reality there are several differences. The same core message is there, but in this case, Oedipus came out to be a much better leader in the Fitts and FitzgeraldÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Translation due to his ability to stay calm in calamitous situations and his strong connection with the people. It must be kept in mind, though, that the similarities are just as important as the differences. With the presence of similarities, the message is amplified greatly, as in the instances of OedipusÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s arrogance and his goal to help.

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Filipinization Essay Essay

Explain the impact brought about by the rise of Ilustrados and the Filipino Clergy in the Philippine Nationalist Movement and their influence to Rizal. The most prominent Ilustrados were Graciano LÃƒ ³pez Jaena, Marcelo H. del Pilar, Mariano Ponce, Antonio Luna and JosÃƒ © Rizal, the Philippine national hero. RizalÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s novels Noli Me Tangere (Ã¢â‚¬Å"Touch Me NotÃ¢â‚¬ ) and El filibusterismo (Ã¢â‚¬Å"The SubversiveÃ¢â‚¬ ) Ã¢â‚¬Å"exposed to the world the injustices imposed on Filipinos under the Spanish colonial regimeÃ¢â‚¬ . In the beginning, Rizal and his fellow Ilustrados preferred not to win independence from Spain, instead they yearned legal equality for bothPeninsulares and nativesÃ¢â‚¬â€Indios, Insulares, and mestizos, among othersÃ¢â‚¬â€in the colony. Among the political, religious and economic reforms demanded by the Ilustrados were that Ã¢â‚¬Å"the Philippines be represented in the Cortes and be considered as a province of SpainÃ¢â‚¬ and Ã¢â‚¬Å"the secularization of the parishes.Ã¢â‚¬ However, in 1872, nationalist sentiment grew strongest, when three Filipino priests, Ã¢â‚¬Å"charged with leading a military mutiny at an arsenal inCavite, near ManilaÃ¢â‚¬ , were executed by the Spanish authorities. The event and Ã¢â‚¬Å"other repressive acts outraged the Ilustrados. Because of his anti-clerical writings and activities, Rizal was executed on December 30, 1896. His execution propelled the Ilustrados . This also prompted unity among the Ilustrados and AndrÃƒ ©s BonifacioÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s radical Katipunan. Philippine policies by the United States reinforced the dominant position of the Ilustrados within Filipino society. Friar estates were sold to the Ilustrados and most government positions were offered to them. The Cavite Mutiny of 1872 was an uprising of military personnel of Fort San Felipe, the Spanish arsenal in Cavite, Philippines on January 20, 1872. Around 200 soldiers and laborers rose up in the belief that it would elevate to a national uprising. The mutiny was unsuccessful, and government soldiers executed many of the participants and began to crack down on a burgeoning nationalist movement. Many scholars believe that the Cavite Mutiny of 1872 was the beginning of Filipino nationalism that would eventually lead to theÃ‚ Philippine Revolution of 1896. The primary cause of the mutiny is believed to be an order from Governor-General Rafael de Izquierdo to subject the soldiers of the Engineering and Artillery Corps to personal taxes, from which they were previously exempt. The taxes required them to pay a monetary sum as well as to perform forced labor called, Ã¢â‚¬Å"polo y servicio.Ã¢â‚¬ The mutiny was sparked on January 20, when the laborers received their pay and realized the taxes as well as the falla, the fine one paid to be exempt from forced labor, had been deducted from their salaries. Secularization is a process by which the society is slowly transforming from that having close identification with the religious institution to a more separated relationship. This was considered to be the dawn of Philippine Nationalism, particularly after the execution of Gomburza. The Gomburza headed the secularization movement. They advocated the right of the Filipino secular clergy over the assignment of parishes rather than giving them to the newly arrived Spanish friars in the country. The seculars were those who were not bound by monastic vows or rules. They were discriminated by the Dominicans, Jesuits, Franciscans and Recollects. The Filipino priests then were assigned as assistants to Spanish friars. Secularism began in 1861 when the parishes of Mindanao originally managed by the Recollect friars were handed to the Jesuits. The Jesuits were expelled from the Philippines in 1768 because of the conflict they had between the European leaders. However, they returned to the country in 1861 and regain power over the Mindanao parishes from the Recollects who took over during their absence. The Recollects were bestowed the parishes of Manila and Cavite by the colonial government to appeased their loss. The original administrators of the parishes, the Filipino secular priests, naturally protested. Sources: http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Secularization http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilustrado http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_Cavite_mutiny http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_nationalism http://www.megaessays.com/viewpaper/28063.html http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=History_of_the_Philippines_(1521-1898)

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Ã¢â‚¬Å“MotherÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s TongueÃ¢â‚¬Â by Amy Tan Essay

1. Amy uses emotional appeals throughout her essay as she does in her first couple paragraphs. Amy says Ã¢â‚¬Å"I am a writerÃ¢â‚¬ to show that she simply loves to write down her mind and that is it. 2. TanÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s argument is simply referring to the somewhat embarrassment she has when people notice her motherÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s broken English. As she goes on it begins to bother her to a point where she feels sympathetic for her mother. As she feels this, she uses emotional appeals such as personal experiences to further her argument. 3. She divides this essay into three sections to show the different styles or forms of English then how she feels a little embarrassed by her motherÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s broken English then shows how people judge her and title her as ignorant or limited. In actually AmyÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s mother is intelligent. She then goes into how her mother and any other limited English speaker is treated differently due to that. If there were no breaks then the three sections would still be clear. 4. Tan relatively gives much meaning behind her argument with her mother. That many foreigners are judged for their limited English and that AmericanÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s may have that problem with the judgment. That this is an issue that can open the eyes of anyone, whether they experience it or not. English III AP/ Period 5 9/15/13 Ã¢â‚¬Å"MotherÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s TongueÃ¢â‚¬ by Amy Tan 1. Amy uses emotional appeals throughout her essay as she does in her first couple paragraphs. Amy says Ã¢â‚¬Å"I am a writerÃ¢â‚¬ to show that she simply loves to write down her mind and that is it. 2. TanÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s argument is simply referring to the somewhat embarrassment she has when people notice her motherÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s broken English. As she goes on it begins to bother her to a point where she feels sympathetic for her mother. As she feels this, she uses emotional appeals such as personal experiences to further her argument. 3. She divides this essay into three sections to show the different styles or forms of English then how she feels a little embarrassed by her motherÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s broken English then shows how people judge her and title her as ignorant or limited. In actually AmyÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s mother is intelligent. She then goes into how her mother and any other limited English speaker is treated differently due to that. If there were no breaks then the three sections would still be clear. 4. Tan relatively gives much meaning behind her argument with her mother. That many foreigners are judged for their limited English and that AmericanÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s may have that problem with the judgment. That this is an issue that can open the eyes of anyone, whether they experience it or not.

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

Product Analysis Clinique 3 Step System Essays - Skin Care, Clinique

Product Analysis Clinique 3 Step System Essays - Skin Care, Clinique Product Analysis Clinique 3 Step System PRODUCT ANALYSIS PRODUCT AND BRAND NAME: Clinique 3-Step System MAJOR FEATURES AND CORRESPONDING BENEFITS OF PRODUCT: Clinique Facial Soap Features Benefits Unique soap formulated to Provides thorough specifically cleanse skin. cleaning and leaves skin comfortable. Cushioned lathering. Mild, gentle to skin. No wax fillers. Easy to rinse off. Hard-milled and generously Long lasting (3-4 months). sized (hard milling renders a A great value. solid bar without air). Clinically formulated by Soap is generally dermatologists. recommended by dermatologists as the best way to clean skin. Clinique Clarifying Lotion Features Benefits Exfoliation, which helps Skin appears smoother, speed the natural renewal softer with more light of skin cells. reflecting qualities. Contains Menthol. Provides a cool, refreshing feeling for the skin. Exfoliation, removes Allows better make-up dead skin cells. application. Make-up goes on smoother and stays on longer. Dramatically Different Moisturizing Lotion Features Benefits Lightweight formula. Comforts and soothes skin. Replaces lost moisture. Non-greasy formula. Leaves no residue. Penetrates into keratin layer. Replenishes moisture only Skin looks fresher and when needed. healthier. CURRENT ADVERTISEMENTS (MAJOR MEDIA SOURCES AND DOMINANT THEMES): Media Source Theme Mailer (McRaes Dept. Store) Free Gift/ 3-Step System Billboards (Paris Subway) 3-Step System Mademoiselle Magazine (Sept. 2000) Hair Care TOP TWO MAJOR COMPETITORS: 1. Origins 2. Estee Lauder The information was obtained from primary and secondary research. The primary sources were Jennifer Falcon, a Clinique Business Manager and Lori Hinton, a Clinique Consultant. The secondary source was attained from the Estee Lauder website. COMPARE YOUR PRODUCT TO YOUR COMPETITORS PRODUCTS (ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES:) Clinique Origins Estee Lauder ADVANTAGES Price $29.50 $55.00 $57.50 Packaging Set Package Separate Separate Variety of Formula 5 Strengths 2 Strengths 1 Strength DISADVANTAGES UV Protection None SPF 15 SPF 15 Alcohol-free Contains alcohol No alcohol No alcohol Oil-free moisturizer Not oil-free Oil-free Oil-free CURRENT AVERAGE PRICE (OR PRICE RANGE) AND LOCATIONS OF SALE: Price = $29.50 Location= All major department stores (Ex: Bloomingdales, Dillards, Lord & Taylor, Macys, McRaes, Parisians, and Saks Fifth Avenue) OTHER RELEVANT INFORMATION: The Estee Lauder Companies first launched Cliniques line of skin care in 1968. Cliniques mission has always been to meet individual skin care needs. Its 3-Step System of cleansing, exfoliating, and moisturizing is the basis of Clinique skin care. All Clinique products are allergy tested, 100% fragrance free, and created under the guidance of leading dermatologists. Clinique was the first to offer one-on-one consultations for clients and consultant training. Clinique was the first brand to discuss the need for daily sun protection. In 1973, Clinique became the first cosmetics brand to exhibit at the American Academy of Dermatology Convention. Clinique was one of the first prestige cosmetics brands to launch a website in 1996 and also the first to offer fully interactive shopping online in 1998. CREATIVE WORK PLAN KEY OPPORTUNITY: The research obtained for Clinique 3-Step System was acquired through primary and secondary sources. The primary sources consisted of interviews with a Clinique Consultant and Business Manager. Secondary sources of research were obtained from consultant workbooks, pamphlets published for consumers, and the Clinique website. The opportunity we discovered through our research is to achieve great looks you must have great skin. Clinique products are designed to address individual skin types and needs. TARGET MARKET: Demographics- Gender : Female Age : 13-45 yrs.old Marital Status/Household Size: NA Income : Any Educational Level : NA Occupation : NA Psychographics- Lifestyle : Interest : Concerns: ADVERTISING OBJECTIVE: The specific objective with regards to our ad is for the target market to believe the basis for any great look starts with great skin. Clinique 3-Step System is the answer to achieving it. STRATEGY FOR ACCOMPLISHING OBJECTIVE: To accomplish the advertising objective of great looks and great skin can be achieved with using Clinique 3-Step System, we will create a magazine ad that will be simple yet informative for our target market. The ad will be featured in a variety of magazines directed towards the target market. The magazines are Teen, Seventeen, Cosmopolitan, Mademoiselle, and Ladies Home Journal. CONSUMER RESPONSE STATEMENT: To have a great look and great skin, I need to use Clinique 3-Step. Clinique has a system that is specific to my skin needs.

Monday, October 21, 2019

Studying Abroad Example

Studying Abroad Example Studying Abroad Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Coursework Example Studying Abroad Studying abroad has many advantages for having the dream of traveling out of their country. It is indeed an important period in oneÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s life as there are a lot of experiences and opportunities that come in oneÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s path (Byram34). Students studying abroad have the benefit of getting to know and share their ideas with other foreign students who comes from different cultures and countries. Moreover, the experience is a pool of new ideas as several research methods and studies are brought on the table (Fulbright 2014).The opportunity of studying abroad also offers students with a chance to discuss global issues as affecting different students in their mother counties; however, they have the facts and first experience of the problems they are facing back at home. Therefore, this opens an opportunity for them to borrow new ideas that might be of help in solving they face back at home(Rabinowitz 38).It also brings harmony among different individuals coming from dif ferent races and cultures. They get to know each others culture, therefore acquire knowledge of the different cultural practices being practiced in different countries around the world(Cressey 509).Lastly, studying abroad has a great impact on the self development of a student. This is because they get to learn new languages, eat new foods and learn different cultures as they mingle and share with each of the (Carolyn). In addition, the students also learn to make both personal and professional decisions among themselves as they are far away from their parents. Moreover, new knowledge is acquired in the course of studying abroad by students as the education curriculum students are exposed too are different from those in their own countries (Llanes, ngels,& Carmen MuÃƒ ±oz 64).The three things that are important to remember when researching, citing and putting together a works cited pages in a specific citation style are that ideas are the currency of academia. Secondly, by not citin g a work that was researched by someone else, his rights are violated as the ideas that one is writing are the authors ideas and not his own. Lastly, I believe that academics need to be able to trace the pedigree of ideas.Byram, Michael. Living and studying abroad research and practice. Clevedon [England: Multilingual Matters Ltd., 2006. Print.Carolyn Bigda. Studying abroad can help you stand out from peers. Chicago Tribune Business. 18 October, 2013. 19th Feb 2014. Cressey, William W. Guide to Studying Abroad. New York: Random House, 2004. Print. 509Fulbright Belgium. Why Study Abroad? Youtube.com 19th Feb 2014. youtube.com/watch?v=Re0K9T9MsRU"i am studying+2second year in Nepal and i want to come usa for futher studies.my exams will be conducted soon.i want to study computer engineering and i want to develop my career.what should i do?." - QUESTIONS ON EDUCATION. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Feb. 2014. .Loflin, Stephen E.. Adventures abroad: the students guide to studying overseas. New York : Kaplan Publishing, 2007. Print.Llanes, ngels, and Carmen MuÃƒ ±oz. "Age Effects in a Study Abroad Context: Children and Adults Studying Abroad and at Home." Language Learning 63.1 (2013): 63-90. Print.Rabinowitz, Fredric E.. "The impact of an interpersonal encounter-group class for north american college students studying abroad." The Journal for Specialists in Group Work 19.1 (1994): 38-42. Print.

Sunday, October 20, 2019

Overview of the FAFSA for Financial Aid

Overview of the FAFSA for Financial Aid If you want financial aid, youll need to fill out the FAFSA. The FAFSA is the Free Application for Federal Student Aid. Anyone who wants financial aid for college will need to fill out the FAFSA. The application is used to determine the dollar amount you or your family will be expected to contribute towards college. All federal grant and loan awards are determined by the FAFSA, and nearly all colleges use the FAFSA as the basis for their own financial aid awards. The FAFSA is managed by the Office of Federal Student Aid, part of the Department of Higher Education. The Office of Federal Student Aid processes roughly 14 million financial aid applications a year and disburses about $80 billion in financial aid. The FAFSA application should take about one hour to fill out, but this is only if you have all the necessary documents at hand before you begin. Some applicants get frustrated with the application process because they do not have ready access to all necessary tax forms and bank statements, so be sure to plan ahead before you sit down to complete your FAFSA. The FAFSA requires information in five categories: Information about the studentInformation about the studentÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s dependency statusInformation about the studentÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s parentsInformation about the studentÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s financesA list of the schools that should receive the results of the FAFSA Students can fill out the FAFSA online at the FAFSA website, or they can apply through the mail with a paper form. The Office of Federal Student Aid strongly recommends the online application because it conducts immediate error checking, and it tends to speed up the application process by a few weeks. Students applying online can save their work and return to an application at a later date. Again, any financial aid award begins with the FAFSA, so be sure to complete the form before the deadlines for the schools to which youÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ve applied. Realize that most state deadlines are much earlier than the June 30th federal deadline. Read more about the timing of your FAFSA application here: When Should You Submit the FAFSA?

Saturday, October 19, 2019

Garbology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Garbology - Essay Example However taken as a whole they portray an unappealing picture about our priorities and lifestyle. The trash indicates that we can be wasteful at time and lazy since some of the disposed things can be reused in the future. Focusing on the female premises, we note that their trash is composed of mainly food remains that are collected from grocery stores and the food stalls. There are less trashes that indicate cases of alcohol or other drugs. The level of trash is high and this indicates that they hold social gathering at their premises. The female students are cautious and there is minimal trace of recyclable containers on their garbage. In the premises occupied by male students, I found evidence of fast food remains and various remains of foods from food stalls. The trash entails of sugar papers, coffee containers, and alcohol bottles, this indicates that the students consume alcohol. From the trash collected from both premises, we note that the socioeconomic class of the occupants is low since they are students. There are no valuable items collected from the trash unless for foods and other necessities such as body oil containers, and remains of soaps. There were cans of drinks that were not fully emptied, and many candy papers. Many containers from the garbage could be recycled but students opt to throw them away. In the female premises, there are birth control containers, and this indicated that the occupants were sexually active. From the male premises, there was an increase in alcohol cans, large amount of coffee containers and cigarettes. This indicates that the students used drugs. Two occupants occupied the premises and from the amount of food remains and increase in drinks can were too much for a single household. An increase in rubbish from the premises indicates that the occupants usually have some guests in the rooms. In conclusion, the economic culture of the occupants is developed since there are no ancient items discovered from the trash. It is

Development of Human Resources Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Development of Human Resources - Research Paper Example The services provided are project management and civil engineering, full design and construction services, and construction services for public and private clients. At 9,000 employees, the workforce has been reduced over the last three years due to economic reasons. The company is profitable and has a solid financial foundation in place. There are 12 offices around the UAE with a talented and diverse managing director team leading the company. This reporter is a human resource strategy student. b. CCDCÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s current strategic business objectives involve reducing the levels in the chain of command; implementing a coaching method of management rather than autocratic; maintain financial success, and ensure high-quality services, meet the health and safety needs of staff, meet environmental standards, and improvements made in networks and purchasing agreements. c. While there has been an emphasis on HR policies and initiatives to support these objectives, there is also a question as to whether HR practices add value and how the effects of HR on the organizational culture may be evaluated. a. First, Cabrera and Cabrera (2003) and Rose and Kumar (2006) would note the lack of a human resource strategic framework. CCDC lacks an overall HR strategic framework that HR objectives, programs, training, and policies can fall within or under. The framework could then be used by the leaders when they are conducting their strategic planning to avoid placing the leaders in the position to do the business planning, then step out of the planning and pass the business objectives to HR to do the work from a support standpoint Ã¢â‚¬â€œ resulting in a disconnect (Porter, 1996). Both HR and the business need to be operating as one. There are resulting comments regarding HR functioning in a support role, which is counter to business needs.

Development of Human Resources Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Friday, October 18, 2019

Challenges in Writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Challenges in Writing - Essay Example For example, after writing about the Ã¢â‚¬Ëœmoment of truthÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ in my protagonistÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s life (in a short story I wrote), I pondered for a long time for an alternative word but had to be satisfied with Ã¢â‚¬Ëœthe yes momentÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ and then still unhappily replaced it with Ã¢â‚¬Ëœthe cool momentÃ¢â‚¬â„¢. Similarly I had to spend a sleepless night being unable to break free from the Ã¢â‚¬Ëœhaving said thatÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ and Ã¢â‚¬Ëœat the end of the dayÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ syndromes in my writing. To disentangle oneÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s thought process from the mundane discourses of oneÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s own mind is another great challenge, as far as I am concerned. This demands great amount of concentration and clarity. This approach to writing is rooted in attaining a crystal clear consciousness when one starts writing, which can surely be cultivated. It is an unconditional opening up of oneÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s senses to the surroundings so that you can hear a cuckooÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s song heard from far away (which otherwise you may n ot even notice), you can hear the feeble murmurings of wind, and also you can feel forgotten experiences and memories from distant recesses of the past. In such a moment of deep contemplation, I always had the experience of new words, new sensations and new ideas pouring in.

Marketing Plan for a new Fair Trade Company Coursework

Marketing Plan for a new Fair Trade Company - Coursework Example This research will begin with the statement that the modern business world is a highly competitive platform in which the strongest competitor gains at the cost of the weaker counterparts. Although this policy satisfies the economic rationale for trade, it hurts the social and ecological balance in the society. Since the market is a part of the society and the market agents are social beings, preservation of the right of the producers is considered a basic necessity in the contemporary business world, irrespective of their location or economic strength. From this concern, the concept of fair trade has evolved during the 1940s. A fair trade company is such a company that aims at providing appropriate wages to the producers, particularly the ones belonging to the developing countries. These goods would then be distributed to buyers in the international market. Several international bodies work in cooperation with one another to ensure that producers that are situated at less advantageou s positions in the developing countries receive the rightful wage against their toil. Many companies operating internationally are now recognized as fair trade companies; they follow certain unique principles and the activities of all these companies are monitored according to these principles. The purpose of these companies to operate under the guidance of a uniform principle is to ensure that poor workers around the world are not taken advantage of. Fair trade coffee has gained importance since the 1990s.Ã‚ Situation analysis Coffee Bar is a privately owned organization that would newly enter the UK coffee industry. The company is determined to gain reputation in the industry for its products and its service to customers. Coffee Bar would be a fair trade company. It would follow the established principles of fair trade in procuring coffee beans from the

Thursday, October 17, 2019

Islam and Democracy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Islam and Democracy - Essay Example Historical interaction between East and West is not obscured from the eye of the world and thereby, all the Western countries especially United States has always been trying to export its democratic principles to the Eastern world, in an order to make Islam compatible with democracy for the overall betterment of the world. Actually, Islam is the dominant religion of the eastern world and for this reason, myriad efforts to inculcate the democratic governing pattern in the minds of the Muslim rulers have always been supported by US. (Al-Hibri 505) claims that the concept of democracy is not what could be called a production of a modernized world, rather it was prevalent in the period of medieval Islam as well. Democracy was a prominent feature of the city Medina where Prophet Muhammad resided and it continued to be strengthening, until its progress and life came to an abrupt halt when Sunnis and ShiÃ¢â‚¬â„¢as separated on the basis of various conflicts regarding the Islamic Caliphate. This means that the doctrine of democracy is not altogether a new concept for the followers of Islam and it has always been an essential feature of the Islamic principles, even before its importance and significance was stressed by the Western rulers. Governance under Islamic Caliphate was en emblem of democracy in which taking care of the choice of the common public meant to be the most important priority for the governors. Islamic Caliphate was truly inspired by the democratic principles and wanted every layman of the society to take active part in the betterment of the nation so that a rich repertoire of innovative constructive ideas could be enhanced and encouraged. After Islam Caliphate however, monarchy based governing system pursued which was largely and visibly devoid of the... This paper stresses that governance under Islamic Caliphate was en emblem of democracy in which taking care of the choice of the common public meant to be the most important priority for the governors. Islamic Caliphate was truly inspired by the democratic principles and wanted every layman of the society to take active part in the betterment of the nation so that a rich repertoire of innovative constructive ideas could be enhanced and encouraged. After Islam Caliphate however, monarchy based governing system pursued which was largely and visibly devoid of the golden democratic laws and systems, due to which Muslims at large remained unsatisfied with their rulers after Caliphate ended and engaged in petty fights fueled by rebellion with each other. Non-democratic or authoritarian based governing system stimulates emergence of ferocious aggressiveness and defiant rebellion in the society due to which unity and harmony fade away completely. This report makes a conclusion that the old Muslim communities were more vigorously representative of the democratic style than the modern Islamic nations. The old Muslim society was highly representative of democracy because back then, the government focused more on issue of law, order, and security, while public was left to deal with the rest of the issues. There used to be a lot of public freedom which shows that Islam has always been compatible with democracy, though a few authoritarian governments have and are still marring the democratic rule from time to time.

Death Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Death - Essay Example The argument of the first theory is based on the fact that chemical changes take place in the body thus causing slow malfunctioning of the body components and other organs. Another theory bases its argument on the effects of stress on the body. Yet another theory states that the accumulation of non-functional materials found in the body which caused the body to function incorrectly (Heery, 2009). Evolutionary theories that are concerned with aging and life expectancy try to explain the differences that occur in different species. Modern evolutionary theories were developed almost a century after the great scientist, Charles Darwin, postulated the Darwinian Theory that was mainly founded on the assumption of natural selection (Van Wyhe, 2008). Those who survive the natural selection process are said to be fit to live in their specific environment. Some quarters, however suggest that age is a prediction of aging and death. This idea is supported by the law of mortality which states that the rate of deaths rises gradually with age with age being a progressive loss of function that causes death. The aging process of an individual has never had a timing because some 70 year olds can be as fit as a 40 year olds and the vice versa. Dying has become an issue in respect of aging since time immemorial. This is because, although aging has been seen as degeneration and decay of sense, it has been seen as an opportunity to develop. Overall (2006) states that one should live a good life at old age and enjoy the fruits of what they toiled for all their lives. So many people spend their early years in searching of fortunes and therefore living longer as they age gives them an advantage in fulfilling their desires. The aging generations tend to have weak immune systems that are mainly attacked by different diseases. This aging process tends to make them so worried about aging. The trend of people having fewer children

Wednesday, October 16, 2019

Islam and Democracy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Tuesday, October 15, 2019

Van Gogh's Night Cafe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Van Gogh's Night Cafe - Essay Example I have not been watchful. I pushed them to more vices than I ever knew and they drove me to insanity with their constant spending until I lost almost everything that I owned. Thankfully, this cafÃƒ © was saved and now serves as my only source of living. How I dislike working at this cafÃƒ ©. There is not much to be gained from it but what can I do? I literally lost all my other sources of income so here I am, patiently waiting for my customers who have been staying here too long finishing just one bottle of beer or cola. How I despise these drunkards. Look at these two peasants. They are as pathetic as their boring lives. They work so hard and now they are just spending their money on cheap wine that makes them noisy and uncivilized. Look at how pitiful they look. They do not have much to offer me for their drinks but I have to be patient with them otherwise, I will have no customers. I want to make them leave as soon as they can but it is so difficult to speak with them when they are already under the influence of alcohol. Look at that other peasant on the corner. He is as drunk as these two. He has been nodding his head on his table for quite awhile now. I think he is already asleep. I should not allow him to sleep in my cafÃƒ © because he is a bad sight to other customers but God knows how helpless I am. I cannot even speak with him to at least go outside to sleep all he wants. I have to keep a good relationship with all my customers in order to keep them coming. Business is not good at this side of Arles. There are only few people who are mainly farmers and tenants. Most of them cannot even afford having fun on a regular basis. Thankfully, there are some decent customers like the two lovers at the back. The man is the son of a tenant who worked so hard to put his son to a good school in the city. He wants to marry a landownerÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s daughter but the old man is not in favor of their relationship.

Monday, October 14, 2019

People are not free to make moral decisions Essay Example for Free

People are not free to make moral decisions Essay Is it right to say that our actions are determined, or are they free? Hard determinists argue that when we make a moral decision, we have no free will. This is significant because if we do not choose our actions we cannot be held morally responsible. Given our experience of decision making this determinist position is hard to accept and perhaps the compatabilist approach of soft determinism is more valid. Soft Determinists recognise that we can make a decision freely that is coerced but the choices in themselves may be determined themselves. This contrasts with libertarianism, which states that we freely choose our actions and rejects determinism. To fully examine whether we are in fact free or not to make moral decisions, we must first analyse what particular factors affect our decision making. When we debate over a decision we consider/ weigh up our options, we know that we have a choice and only we can make that choice, this is known as a libertarian view. Libertarians believe that we have full responsibility of our actions and nothing else affects our decision, however genes, environment, lifestyle and our upbringing affect or sometimes might determine our choices. Determinism objects libertarianism and believes that our choices are influenced by factors other than the will of the individual, events and actions are predetermined by other events therefore freedom of choice is an illusion. Free will is the term made up of Ã¢â‚¬ËœautosÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ meaning self and Ã¢â‚¬ËœnomosÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ meaning rule. Many philosophers such as Kant say that you can only be responsible for actions that you undertake of your own will, this is opposed to Determinism. Libertarianism is the belief that humans are free to make moral choices and therefore morally responsible. Ã¢â‚¬Å"By liberty we can only mean a power of acting of not acting according to the determinations of the willÃ¢â‚¬ . David Hume. In the definition of libertarianism a distinction between the persons character or personality and his/or her moral self. It is this moral self or will that is free. Ã¢â‚¬Å"Your destiny is allotted to you, but you shall choose it for yourselvesÃ¢â‚¬ . Plato. There are many arguments that support libertarianism, the most predominant of these being the argument from experience, this states that we all experience making choices, such as the very fact that I am sat here writing this essay is the result of a choice, I did have another option so I couldÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ve chose otherwise. We are also aware of going through a decision making process, we can weigh up our options and act upon this. Libertarians also believe in the necessary cause stating that for Y to happen X must have caused it, without X Y will not happen. This is a determinist understanding, However Libertarians recognise that causes are contingent and not necessary, they may or may not cause Y, this is a libertarian view. However opposed to this Determinists would argue that if free will exists then what actually causes our actions, surely our actions are caused by something, for example what about our past experiences and emotions? Also a determinist would argue is it part of human nature to assume that we are free and what exactly is moral responsibility, and how is this separate from our personality. If it comes from the soul then what causes the soul. Hard determinism states that people do not have free will to act in moral situations. It also states that everything has a prior cause which precedes it; everything is a product of the cause which is unchangeable and fixed. Therefore we cannot be held morally responsible or blameworthy for their actions because their actions are determined. When we think that we are making a moral decision, hard determinists believe that this is an illusion that we are free but in fact we are not and the decision that we made was already determined. John LockeÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s example of the man in the locked room shows that we believe that we are free but we are actually not. However libertarians would argue that we had the choice whether or not to go into the locked room. Psychological determinism is another form of Hard Determinism. This suggests that our characters are determined by our upbringing and experiences. There are many influencing factors on human behaviour such as hereditary, society, culture and environment. Freud taught that our early years have impact on our actions in the future, there is also much evidence to support this view such as PavlovÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s dogs which operant conditioning demonstrates that we can mould our behaviour through rewards and sanctions, it also demonstrates how our behaviour is determined. However a libertarian would argue that just because you can condition one element of decision making doesnÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t mean that all behaviour is determined, we always have a choice. Theological determinism is also another form of hard determinism. This is the view that the causal chain can be traced back to an uncaused causer, as shown in AquinasÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ Cosmological argument, and this uncaused causer is God. If God is, as suggested by Calvin through his predestination view which suggests that God has already determined a plan for us so we are either damned (going to hell) or elect (going to heaven) , an omnipotent and omniscient God then we cannot have free will as our actions must be predetermined because of this. There are many criticisms for this view that Libertarians would address as it conflicts with biblical teachings as in Genesis it states that God gave us free will and also for theological determinism to be accepted, libertarians would also argue that there is no proof of this God, so in their view we still have a choice. A form of Hard Determinism that contrasts and argues this view is scientific determinism; this approach states that science tells us that for every physical event there is a physical cause. If we consider the mind to be material activity in the brain, so then our thoughts are also pre determined. Another form of hard determinism is Biological determinism which states that our characters are determined by our genes, this is partly true as genes do give us our characteristics such as what we look like, even our IQ, all this can determine our behaviour for example the violent gene as evidence can be traced back to the genome (e. g. a violent gene recognised by the Italian supreme court). However libertarians would argue that because there is only 0. 2% variation in our DNA, so this doesnÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t seem efficient enough to explain all the variations in human behaviour, itÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s not just our genetic makeup that influences our behaviour, and they would argue that we always have a choice. Soft determinism states that we are morally responsible for our actions; this approach allows libertarianism and hard determinism to be compatible. It states that as long as no one forces you to make a decision then you are free, this can be described as internal freedom. However soft determinists make a distinction between internal and external causes, these explain why freedom and Jeremy moral responsibility are not only compatible with determinism but actually require it. Soft Determinism, unlike hard determinism, allows for moral responsibility, for example if person A does not save a drowning child because person A cannot swim, he is not morally responsible. However, if he chooses not to because of his personality, a combination of his conditioning, an upbringing and so forth, then he is to be held responsible. Soft determinists believe that all human actions are caused and when we say that a person acted freely we are not saying that there was no cause but rather they were not forced to do it, here they act as free agents even though their actions are still caused. A main philosopher associated with soft determinism is Hume whom was a soft-determinist. He stated that all things are necessary and believed that some things are uncaused or happen as the result of chance. Hume also believed that we are free, he goes on to say that we dont blame people for things they do ignorantly, and blame them less for things that are not premeditated, and any sense of moral blame can only come if something we do is the result of our character. Hume believed that free will, and moral responsibility, require determinism. Soft determinists are criticised by hard determinists for failing to realise the extent to which human freedom is limited and also by libertarians for failing to recognise the true extent of freedom. Whilst Soft determinism offers a Ã¢â‚¬Ëœmiddle groundÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ between hard determinism and libertinism an agreeable account of moral freedom, a line still has to be drawn between that which is determined and that which is open to choice. The major fault with soft determinism is that they have to try and agree on what is a determining factor and what is not and the complexities of genetics, psychology makes such a line difficult for them to draw. So In conclusion, through the arguments expressed in this essay, I believe that perhaps a Soft Determinist approach is more susceptible towards moral decision making, as although it allows us to make our own decisions, they are to an extent determined due to numerous factors such as our upbringing, environment and culture, however it also allows us to accept responsibility for our actions whatever they may be.

Sunday, October 13, 2019

alittle store :: essays research papers

Adam Smith had many views that helped in making the world what it is today. I canÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t imagine what the world would be like if there werenÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t thinkers like Adam Smith. Going to college would be pointless and trying to be something more than a cashier in a little store down the street would be pointless. What would we be working so hard for if we made the same amount of money as when we were sixteen working in that little store? He had many other views that were just as important but this was a big interest to me as probably to many others. Smith believed that a nation's wealth was not derived by how much they had in resources, or in exchangeable products, but rather by the labor that people put into making that product. "The annual labor of every nation is the fund which originally supplies it with all the necessaries and conveniences which it annually consumes." Smith stated that a nation could increase the efficiency of the potential of its people by increasing skill and proportion. Smith noted that the best way to increase the efficiency of labor is the division of labor. The division of labor is the central factor in SmithÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s theory of economic growth. Division of labor is the splitting of a large task into smaller tasks and then having one person is responsible for only one or two of the smaller tasks, which leads to an increase in productivity and stimulates the entire growth cycle, which increases the efficiency of the whole task. The division of labor and the accumulation of capital are what Adam Smith believed to be the driving forces of economic growth in any nation. He found that when the division of labor had broken down the production into a series of simple operations it was more natural for tools and machinery to be invented that replace hand labor and made everything go faster. Then it increased worker productivity. This increased productivity and combined with the growing production so it increased output. This made more resources available to society to enjoy higher standards of living standard of living and products were not as scarce as they once were. Then Smith noticed that there was a huge rise in the Ã¢â‚¬Å"wealth of the nationÃ¢â‚¬ . Adam Smith stated that what a product is worth depends on the amount of labor that must be used to make that product.

Saturday, October 12, 2019

What are Anabolic Steroids? :: essays research papers

What are Anabolic Steroids? Anabolic steroids - or more precisely, anabolic/androgenic steroids - belong to a group known as ergogenic, or so-called "performance-enhancing," drugs. They are synthetic derivatives of testosterone, a natural male hormone. "Anabolic" means growing or building. "Androgenic" means "masculinizing or generating male sexual characteristics. Most healthy males produce between 2 and 10 milligrams of testosterone a day. http://www2.msstate.edu/~jnd2/index.html Reasons for Steroid Use The most common reasons people use anabolic steroids are to: increase muscle mass increase strength train harder reduce the recovery time needed after training Some people believe the benefit from taking steroids is physiological, they make people feel that they are stronger or faster. Others believe that they make people feel that they are more aggressive and so they are able to train harder. Steroid Usage Among Teenagers Steroid usage has often been stereotyped to football players, weightlifters and bodybuilders. New research suggests that this is far from true. Instead, most heavy steroid users are middle class white males, 35% of which do not intend on participating in sporting events. 26% of high school age steroid users cited personal appearance as their primary motive for using the drug. These new trends in steroid use have been attributed to the "new male image" that is being splashed throughout advertisements and magazines. Teenage males develop a desire for the lean, mean and muscular look exemplified by Calvin Klien models and others. The quickest way to success is through anabolic steroids. Many of these teenagers will risk possibility of the side effects associated with steroid usage in exchange for respect. Despite massive weight and muscle gains, many steroid users are never quite happy with their physique. This condition is being labeled as "reverse anorexia" by psychologists and doctors. "I have seen a kid gain 100 pounds in 14 months and still not be satisfied," reports Neil Carolan of BryLin Hospital in Buffalo. Carolan has counseled over 200 teenage steroid users. Arnold Schwarzenegger, once a steroid user himself, addresses the issue of teenage steroid use. "Teenagers should never take anabolic steroids in an attempt to build up the size and strength of their muscle structure. During the teenage years, young males are already in their most anabolic state, with testosterone flooding the system. Adding synthetic anabolic at this point is totally unnecessary." history Greek Olympians used strychnine and hallucinogenic mushrooms to "psyche up" for an event. In 1886 a French cyclist was the first athlete to die from using a performance enhance, called speedballs, a mixture of cocaine and heroin. In the 1920's, physicians inserted slices of monkey testicles into male athletes to help

Friday, October 11, 2019

Choose the Right Path in Life Essay

Damion Booker is a 6Ã¢â‚¬â„¢5 point guard from Rialto, California that is supposedly the best point guard since Magic Johnson. Magic Johnson was an incredible athlete he was versatile, had basketball IQ, he averaged a double double, and most of all a leader on the court. Damion Booker followed those same exact aspects. Damion Booker was the first round draft pick and was drafted to Los Angles Hokies and previously went to Rialto State University (RSU). Damion Booker majored in Business and had a GPA of 3.9. Not only did he have great athleticism and skill, he was intelligent. He made honor roll every year and challenged himself more and more. Every teacher loved him and was very popular around campus. He was also involved in many activities such as karate, played piano, and volunteered at a senior citizen home a couple of hours every summer break. While being involved in many activities he met a guy named Elijah Hearth. Elijah Hearth was a good friend, but also a troublemaker. In addition, while Damion Booker was hanging out with his friend Elijah Hearth he met a new agent and felt he was fit for the job. His first agent was unreliable and not trustworthy. A few days later Damion Booker got a call saying there was an NBA Lockout while at home. His agent said he didnÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t have an idea when the new season was going to begin. He was very shocked and heartbroken, He couldnÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t believe it. Damion Booker had to find some way to make money so he decided to own a business that heÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s been attempting since he was a senior in college. Damion Booker was bored so he became more involved. A few weeks later his resteraunt opened it was named Damion Booker Palace. He made big bucks and had a lot of money. As a result, he became very cocky in everything he did. It took a lot of his time to owning that restaurant. He took time away from basketball to put in work to own the Palace. He had earned money twice as fast as regular people who started their business. For most people it takes years to own a business, but for Damion Booker it took him a month. The background behind that was that he made this special sauce that attracted people all over the world. Damion Booker made a tasty, scrumptious sauce that was called the Damion Cold Killer Pasta Sauce. It was supposedly the best sauce nationwide and itÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s the bestseller at Damion Palace. It attracted wild, bizarre eaters like Andrew Zimmern. The pasta sauce was so good Andrew Zimmern said it was the best pasta he ever tasted. As a result, to the Cold Killer Pasta Sauce it did have a secret ingredient. The secret ingredient was this famous pepper that came from Peruvia. It was called the Peruvian Puff Pepper. The Puff Pepper had this special flavor that made ingredients spicier and more flavorful. The sauce also had extra amounts of salt and other excessive ingredient but the extra salt and the puff peppers are the ones that made the sauce taste better and more addicting. The sauce became so addicting that it made skinny people fat and the fat people become fatter. The sauce is sort of in comparison to a big mac from McDonaldÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s. Lots of people bought it and it was very addicting. The Puff Pepper had a special element that made you beg for more and more. Damions Palace put many businesses on bankrupt because of how good their specialty was. The only business that remained standing were McDonaldÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s, Jack in the Box, Carls Jr, Taco Bell, ApplebeeÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s, Panda Express, and DennyÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s but th ey were losing the average customers because Damion Palace was taking over because of their special pasta sauce. They were also losing money to in which that was a bad thing and tried putting more advertisements onto TV commercials, radios, billboards, and blimps. People didnÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t care to much about the advertisement of TV commercials, blimps, billboards, and radios all the people cared about was Damions Palace and their special pasta sauce. Damion Booker came up with the idea on one boring weekend and decided to cook. All of a sudden, he came up with making pasta sauce because that was his motherÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s favorite thing to eat while she was young and she would make it on special occasions. He went into his cabinet and pulled things such seasonings such as salt and pepper, and all kinds of sauces that his mom had stored. Then, Damion pulled out a bowl and started mixing a concoction. He tasted a couple of mixes and didnÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t like them to well. After a couple of more mixes he tasted a delightful sauce that he believed tasted quite amusing. They didnÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t have much because they DamionÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s mom didnÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t make much money. They werenÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t poor but they werenÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t fortunate. After tasting the sauce he knew he was going to become successful in the future. While doing this he realized he needed a backup plan for when the NBA comes out of its lockout. His backup was to have his brother take over Damion Palace when the NBA lockout ends. By the time Damion got settled to being a business owner the lockout had ended and it was time for Damion to start basketball again. The first couple of weeks the Palace ran very smoothly. At one point they had more customers than ever recorded. Damion was getting settled with basketball and his brother was taking over the best restaurant in the nation. Life couldnÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t get any better for the Booker family! As life ran smoothly they became extremely arrogant until a fire burned down the Palace. Damion was gloomy and felt like a complete failure, but still confident. Although the palace burned down, Damion didnÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t know the place was burned down until the all-star break he checked in and called his brother to ask how the restaurant was running. Damion brother told him the place got burned down. Damion was furious! DamionÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Brother didnÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t want to interfere with DamionÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s basketball career. Their relationship was corrupted and didnÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t talk to one another for a long time. They constantly would argue and have many quarrelsome disagreements. When The Bookers lost their restaurant, they became unfortunate again and were very depressed. Their family began to go on corners and beg for money for a living but not for very long. They were going through some tough times but they always overcome the tough situations. By the time the Bookers started making more money Damion had started preseason basketball with the Los Angles Hokies. He was a star on his team like the whole world already suspected. To modern times Damion Booker came to the NBA similar to Kyrie Irving. Kyrie Irving was a first round draft pick and immediately became a star in the NBA. Life became good for Damion Booker again he was getting fame and publicity. He was getting so much fame and publicity that he acted as if he forgot that his own restaurant got burned down and started treating his family very well. He started to be in magazines, commercials, and on the internet. Damion Booker became the face of basketball and more importantly the face of Rookies. Overtime Damion Booker became cocky bad things begin to happened to him again. Damion booker was going for a slam dunk on a fast break and hurt his ankle. He was on the ground for 10 minutes and couldnÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t get up. He felt paralyzed and the medical staff had to pick Damion up & put him on a stretcher. The next day he went to the doctor and they told him he had a ruptured Achilles tendon and that he will never be able to play basketball again. Damion Booker was upset because basketball was his life and if you took basketball away from him it was like taking his life away. Basketball was his Life! He played it almost every day and whenever he had the time. On the offseason of when Damion was in college he would always go to the park and have pickup games. He would dominate and win almost every single game. Damion didnÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t want to listen to the doctors. He refused to listen to anything they said. Damion was going to come back and play in the NBA regardless if they said he could or couldnÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t. The network technician believed that he was going to be out for his career and so did the whole world. Unbelievably Two months later, Damion stepped on the court and the nation was shocked. It was a remarkable return and on his debut from returning he had twenty- two points, six assists, and five rebounds. People knew this kid was special because nobody had ever recovered from a ruptured Achilles tendon and also because of how fast he recovered from his injury. Later, he got rookie of the year and averaged 18 points a game and became cocky again. In Addition, to Damion getting cocky after he won rookie of the year he began to get caught and this time he was messed up for life. He started getting influenced by his friends and thinking he was better than everyone in the world. That same night he won rookie of the year Damion went out partying with his friend. There was drugs and alcohol that he got into that just completely messed up his mindset. He started missing several practices, get to the team room late, disrespect the coaches, and many other things that got him into some trouble. Also, his numbers dropped, and appeared always tired. Instead of Damion averaging 18 points a game coming from the injury he averaged about 8 points a game. As he kept doing these actions they noticed a drastic change and ordered Damion to take a drug test. A couple days later the team got the results and he failed the drug test. After they got the results the Hokies released him to free agency and no other team wanted him. He realized he made a mistake and started to feel depressed. As a result, he got kicked out of the NBA and felt so lost he committed suicide.

Thursday, October 10, 2019

Impact of Literature Essay

It may go without saying that there are those who will never study, appreciate, or even perhaps consider literature as it is known in academic circles. There are those for whom the written word may have, at best, utilitarian purposes, and for whom any piece of writing beyond a technical manual should, at least, be a work of Ã¢â‚¬Å"non-fiction,Ã¢â‚¬ designed to impart a clearly stated morsel of information or worthy opinion. Part of the explanation for this may coincide with the same general reason that some people never consider religion: the proponents of literature Ã¢â‚¬â€œ as is sometimes the case with the proponents of religion Ã¢â‚¬â€œ sometimes themselves make their cause a used-up, weary, and trying thing, and may remove from it all the beauty and potential which it might, in the proper hands, convey. Much like religion, literature has a transcendent value, and fulfills an essentially universal need. After all, even the most ardent opponent of the usage of literature in his or her own life embraces forms which complete virtually the same need within him; that is, myths, folklore, stories, movies, television, and even song, occupy essentially the same place and function as literature in the human person, albeit in a form often immeasurably more crude. And, as hotly debated as the following may be in the milieu of post-modern and relativist academic circles, the need to convey truths and explore the human person through story and myth may reach its most sophisticated form in literature.

Wednesday, October 9, 2019

Ap Gov. Chapter Four Study Guide

Civil Liberties and Civil Rights Study Guide A. Chapter 4: a. Terms: i. Civil Liberties: The legal constitutional protections against government. Although our civil liberties are formally set down in the Bill of Rights, the courts, police, and legislatures define their meaning. ii. Bill of Rights: The first 10 amendments to the US Constitution, which define such basic liberties as freedom of religion, speech, and press and guarantee defendants' rights. iii. First Amendment: The constitutional amendment that establishes the four great liberties: freedom of the press, of speech, of religion, and of assembly. v. Fourteenth Amendment: The constitutional amendment adopted after the Civil War that states, No State shall make or enforce and law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States, nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection o f the laws. v. Due Process Clause: Part of the Fourteenth Amendment guaranteeing that persons cannot be deprived of life, liberty, or property by the United States or state governments without due process of law. i. Incorporation Doctrine: The legal concept under which the Supreme Court has nationalized the Bill of Rights by making most of its provisions applicable to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment. vii. Establishment Clause: Part of the First Amendment stating that, Ã¢â‚¬Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion. Ã¢â‚¬ viii. Free Exercise Clause: A First Amendment provision that prohibits government from interfering with the practice of religion. ix. Prior Restraint: A government preventing material from being published.This is a common method of limiting the press in some nations, but is usually unconstitutional in the United States, according to the First Amendment and as confirmed in the 1931 Supreme Court case of Near v. Minnesota. x. L ibel: The publication of false or malicious statements that damage someone's reputation. xi. Symbolic Speech: Nonverbal communication, such as burning a flag or wearing an armband. The Supreme Court has accorded some symbolic speech protection under the First Amendment. xii.Commercial Speech: Communication in the form of advertising. It can be restricted more than any other types of speech but has been receiving increased protection from the Supreme Court. xiii. Probable Clause: The situation occurring when the police have reason to believe that a person should be arrested. In making the arrest, police are allowed legally to search for and seize incriminating evidence. xiv. Unreasonable Searches and Seizures: Obtaining evidence in haphazard or random manner, a practice prohibited by the Fourth Amendment.Probably cause and/or a search warrant are required for a legal and proper search for an seizure of incriminating evidence. xv. Search Warrant: A written authorization from a court s pecifying the area to be searched and what the police are searching for. xvi. Exclusionary Rule: The rule that evidence, no matter how incriminating, cannot be introduced into a trial if it was not constitutionally obtained. The rule prohibits use of evidence obtained through unreasonable search and seizure. xvii.Fifth Amendment: A constitutional amendment designed to protect the rights of persons accused of crimes, including protection against double jeopardy, self-incrimination, and punishment without due process of law. xviii. Self-Incrimination: The situation occurring when an individual accused of a crime is compelled to be a witness against himself or herself in court. The Fifth Amendment forbids self-incrimination. xix. Sixth Amendment: A constitutional amendment designed to protect individuals accused of crimes. It includes the right to counsel, the right to confront witnesses, and the right to a speedy and public trial. x. Plea Bargaining: A bargain struck between the defen dant's lawyer and the prosecutor to the effect that the defendant will plead guilty to a lesser crime (or fewer crimes) in exchange for the state's promise not to prosecute the defendant for a more serious (or additional) crime. xxi. Eight Amendment: The constitutional amendment that forbids cruel and unusual punishment, although it does not define this phrase. Though the Fourteenth Amendment, this Bill of Rights provision applies to the states. xxii. Cruel and Unusual Punishment: Court sentences prohibited by the Eighth Amendment.Although the Supreme Court has rules that mandatory death sentences for certain offenses are unconstitutional, it has not held that the death penalty itself constitutes cruel and unusual punishment. xxiii. Right to Privacy: The right to a private personal life free from the intrusion of government. xxiv. Marketplace of Ideas: the public forum in which beliefs and ideas are exchanged and compete xxv. Inevitable Discovery: exception to the exclusionary rule that allows the use of illegally obtained evidence at trial if the court determines that the evidence would eventually have been found by legal means xxvi.The Smith Act: required fingerprinting and registering of all aliens in the u. s. and made it a crime to teach or advocate the violent overthrow of the u. s. government xxvii. Hate Crimes: crimes that involve hate against people because of color, race, or ethnic origin xxviii. Obscenity: an offensive or indecent word or phrase xxix. Miranda Warnings: warnings that must be read to suspects prior to questioning. Suspects must be advised that they have the rights of silence and counsel b. Cases: i. Schenck v.US: Speech is not constitutionally protected when the words used under the circumstances present a clear and present danger of bringing about the evil Congress has a right to prevent ii. Gitlow v. New York: State statutes are unconstitutional if they are arbitrary and unreasonable attempts to exercise authority vested in the stat e to protect public interests. iii. Dennis v. US: The First Amendment does not protect the right to free speech when the nature or circumstances are such that the speech creates a clear and present danger of substantial harm to important national interests. v. Yates v. US: v. New York Times v. US vi. US v. OÃ¢â‚¬â„¢Brien vii. Tinker v. Des Moines: viii. Mapp v. Ohio ix. US v. Eichman: x. Near v. Minnesota: xi. New York Times v. Sulllivan: xii. Miranda v. Arizona: xiii. Engle v. Vitale: xiv. Reynolds v. US: xv. Brandedneg v. Ohio: xvi. BSA v. Dale: xvii. Lemon v. Kurtzman: xviii. West Virginia v. Barnette: xix. Gideon v. Wainwright: xx. Smith v. Collins: xxi. Wallace v. Jaffree: xxii. Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier: xxiii. Santa Fe School Dist. V. Doe: xxiv. Boy Scouts of America v. Dale: c. Questions: i.Protections of the First Amendment were not originally extended to the states because every state had itÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s own bill of rights. But if a state passes a law violating one of the rights protected by the Bill of rights and the states constitution doesnÃ¢â‚¬â„¢t prohibit this then nothing happens. This is determined from the Barron v. Baltimore case that said it only restrains governments, not states and cities. Later though, it was changed by the ruling of Gitlow v. New York that said that states had to respect to some First Amendment rights. ii.Freedom of speech is the right to express opinions without censorship or restraint. There are many types of speech: 1. Libel: The publication of false or malicious statements that damage someone's reputation. 2. Symbolic Speech: Nonverbal communication, such as burning a flag or wearing an armband. The Supreme Court has accorded some symbolic speech protection under the First Amendment. 3. Commercial Speech: Communication in the form of advertising. It can be restricted more than any other types of speech but has been receiving increased protection from the Supreme Court. iii.Basic restrictions on speech include: prior restr aint, government preventing material from being published; obscenity, inappropriate speech; libel, false statements being published; slander. The government can limit symbolic speech if the act was to intimidate. iv. Brief Explanations: 1. Search and Seizure: must have probable cause to search personal affects; can only take what they went into search for 2. Privilege Against Self-Incrimination: this fifth amendment right protects a defendant from being forced to testify against him or herself; it protects against compelled testimonial evidence 3.Right to Due Process: if people believe their rights are being violated, they have the right to a fair and impartial hearing 4. Right to Counsel: individual right found in the sixth amendment of the constitution that requires criminal defendants to have access to legal representation v. The three basics tests the courts use to determine the constitutionality of a law is the Lemon Test. It states that: 1. the statute must have a secular legi slative purpose 2. its principal or primary effect must be one that neither advances nor inhibits religion 3. the statute must not foster Ã¢â‚¬Å"an excessive government entanglement with religion. Ã¢â‚¬Å"