Substitute Folder - Creating a Teacher Packet

A substitute folder is an essential resource that all teachers should have prepared and clearly labeled on their desks in the event of an unexpected absence. It provides a substitute with a general plan for teaching your students on any given day and already contains all necessary materials so that all they have to do is execute your plans. On top of that, it should tell a sub everything they might need to know about your class and school. Read to find out what to include in your substitute folder. What to Include in Your Substitute Folder The contents of a substitute folder vary by teacher but the most useful ones include the following general items. Class List and Seating Chart Provide a class list for your substitute and place a star next to any students that you know they can go to for help. In addition, leave a copy of the class seating chart clearly labeled with names and any important information about each child. Attach any food allergies and pertinent medical information to these. Rules and Routines Include a copy of your daily routine and class schedule. Give the substitute information about attendance, your methods for collecting student work, restroom policies, consequences of misbehavior, dismissal routines, and so on. Include important schoolwide policies such as tardy procedures and lunch/playground rules as well. Emergency Procedures and Drills Include a copy of any and all school emergency procedures—dont assume that something wont come up. Highlight exit  routes and doors so that a substitute can easily navigate your students to safety in the event of an emergency. Behavioral Management Strategies and Plans Provide any classroom or individual behavior plans that a substitute would need to be successful. Most teachers request a note from their substitutes about student misbehavior so that it can be properly addressed when they return. Giving substitutes strategies for getting your students attention and managing conflict can also be helpful. Generic Lesson Plans Plan at least a weeks worth of emergency lessons in case you are not able to write new lesson plans for a substitute ahead of time. These are usually generic and allow students to practice skills without requiring a sub to deliver a full lesson. Include plenty of copies of spare worksheets and review exercises as well as quick activities to do if these are finished early. Note Template Many teachers request that substitutes leave them with a note about their day. To make this simpler for your subs, you can create a template that includes all items you want to be covered such as the names of absent students, conflicts that arose, and any comments about whether the day went according to plan. How to Organize Your Substitute Folder Use a binder with dividers and clearly-labeled sections for every day of the week. You should include lesson plans, procedures, and any materials necessary for each day. In the front and back pocket of the binder, include organizational tools such as office passes, lunch tickets, and attendance cards. To keep materials that wont fit in the binder all in one place, try making a sub tub that functions as a catch-all for items a substitute might need. These can include anything from coloring utensils to adhesive bandages. Always leave your substitute materials out in the open so that they are easy to find without your help. You never know when you wont be able to make it to school on short notice.

Hunger of Memory by Richard Rodriguez - 1011 Words

To be an ethnic American is a culture all on its own. Hunger of memory by Richard Rodrà ­guez gives an insight into the rarely viewed world. A person that no longer falls into either category of family or American community. Such an individual is stuck between two worlds, in which two different cultures collide yet form a rift through family, language and education. Family is the first thing anybody grows to know. You become familiarized with the traditions and the people of the unit. In the case of an ethnic family living and growing up in the United States, the unit should be a more joint and stronger community within, and set apart from the rest with its own uniqueness. There should also be a security and comfort entering the home. Yet through the book you begin to see a fissure opening more and more thus separating Richard from his family as he begin to venture out into the â€Å"gringo† community. Suddenly the comfort felt in the home diminishes and it becomes awkward. T he unity you could sense seems to be no longer present and silence falls over. The community built in order to keep the gringos out is no longer there. In the case of Richard this begins with the start of the path of his education. In Hunger of Memory Richard talks about the separation that occurs with him and his family as his education unfolds. How he became a scholarship boy changes everything. His journey, like most ethnic/ Latino families, began his first years in school. There he is still an outcast,Show MoreRelatedHunger of Memory, by Richard Rodriguez1459 Words   |  6 PagesWhen the languages and culture are different, translation has to be used in deferent ways or methods to decrease misunderstandings and create better way to communicate with others. language seem to be essential topics that motivate Richard Rodriguez, Luis Rodriguez, Sandra Cineros, Victor Villasenor, and Avtavio Paz to write their experiences starting from early periods of their childhood and ending with the fame and the glory they make to reach to the highest levels of success. Despite the contrastRead MoreHunger of Memory by Richard Rodriguez620 Words   |  2 PagesIn Richard Rodriguez autobiography, Hunger of Memory, Richard himself writes about his educational journey. Rodriguez wrote such book in 1982. The book revolves around the life a young immigrant child, whom has a difficult time understanding how to adapt himself in the given environment. Furthermore, the book navigates the readers though Richards transition form boyhood to adulthood. Not only so, but Richard discusses how the opportunities that were presented to him altered his viewpoints in lifeRead MoreRichard Rodriguez s Hunger Of Memory 974 Words   |  4 Pagesup from a different culture, Richard Rodriguez looks back on his experience on how he faced the situation as the child of Mexican immigrants. According to his 1982 memoir, â€Å"Hunger of Memory†, Rodriguez uses his own observation â€Å"to argue that if the children of immigrants are to succeed in the United States, they must separate themselves from their home culture and immerse themselves in the English oriented atmosphere of the American school† (980). In â€Å"Aria†, Rodriguez has created an autobiographicRead MoreRichard Rodriguez s Hunger Of Memory1740 Words   |  7 PagesOur language is a part of who we are and can separate us as individuals. It is a part of our personal identity. Knowing who we are also means knowing where we come from and having a connection to our heritage. In the first chapter of Richard Rodriguez’s Hunger of Memory, he begins to tell the story of his decision to give up his native tongue of Spanish and begin to assimilate to American culture, with t he belief he can be more successful speaking English. He argues that it is best for the studentRead MoreHunger For Memory : Education Of Richard Rodriguez894 Words   |  4 Pagesunderstanding among the individuals without shared values and meanings. In â€Å"Hunger for Memory: Education of Richard Rodriguez†, Rodriquez argues that language takes two forms: private and public. What Richard labels as private is the language of the home, whereas public language is the discourse of public society. Growing up, Richard’s private language was not like the public language, which set Richard apart from his parents. Therefore, Richard explores his acculturated self-identity by analyzing his educationalRead MoreHunger Of Memory : The Education Of Richard Rodriguez1818 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Hunger of Memory: The Education of Richard Rodriguez is a six chapter book that reads more like a collection of essays than an autobiography. It is written by Richard Rodriguez, a Mexican American author, analyst, educational commentator and intellectual. A large part of his personal treatise is his reflections and dissection of â€Å"contemporary education† and its meaning to a Hispanic American child growing up in the 1950s. It is unusual that a young person would write his own autobiographyRead MoreRichard Rodriguez s Hunger Of Memory 1817 Words   |  8 Pagessaying that for immigrants to this country, there is no higher virtue than complete assimilation. This silent bias is the cause of much of the conflict in the U.S. throughout history and today. One of these troubles is shown in Richard Rodriguez’s autobiography Hunger of Memory, where he describes his experiences at age six, when he first began to be diverted from his culture. He then explains the exact momen t when there was a damaging change in his life, when the nuns from his school paid his parentsRead More Analysis of Hunger of Memory by Richard Rodriguez Essay1261 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of Hunger of Memory by Richard Rodriguez Richard Rodriguez?s essay, Hunger of Memory, narrates the course of his educational career. Rodriguez tells of the unenthusiastic and disheartening factors that he had to endure along with his education such as isolation and lack of innovation. It becomes apparent that Rodriguez believes that only a select few go through the awful experiences that he underwent. But actually the contrary is true. The majority of students do go through theRead MoreAnalysis Of Richard Rodriguez s Hunger Of Memory 1591 Words   |  7 Pagesarguably the base of the American Dream. Any person can start with nearly nothing, but through education, he or she can become successful. In Hunger of Memory, Richard Rodriguez told the story of how education allowed him to change from a boy who was â€Å"...able to understand some fifty stray English words†(9) to a scholar working in the British Museum. Obviously, Rodriguez appreciates the doors that education opened for him over the course of his life, but his autobiography reveals a dark side to the pursuitRead MoreHunger of Memory by Richard Rodriguez: Book Critique1725 Words   |  7 Pagesreview of Richard Rodriguez’s book titled â€Å"Hunger of Memory,† shows the author’s smart way of writing an autobiography. The book is conformed in six well explained essays of Rodriguez’s life placed together, all in order to show the reader the different outcomes during his life as a middle class Mexican-American. The author wrote this autobiography on 1982, in where he explains the moments that he and his family went by during their immigration inside the United States. Richard Rodriguez started attending

Existentialism And How This Philosophical Theory Has...

Abstract: In this paper we hope to discuss existentialism and how this philosophical theory has developed over the years. After World War 2, this theory became increasingly popular and some of the great philosophers such as Freidrich Nietzsche, Soren Kierkegaard can be said to be the founders of this theory although they, in their lifetime, never accepted this. Therefore they are sometimes called precursors of this movement. Other major philosophers like Albert Camus, Jean-Paul Sartre and Martin Heidegger also deny any association with the movement yet their work is pivotal in bringing this theory to the world. Writers like Fyodor Dostoevsky, Franz Kafka also discuss this theme in their work, thus creating literary work on existentialism†¦show more content†¦What is the meaning of life? Among other vital questions asked by humans over the course of history. Existentialism is a term derived from the idea that human being has freedom and choice and through this how a person can give mea ning to his own life. This theory stresses upon individual existence and that through one’s own rationality one can find true purpose of his life in this irrational world. This theory revolves around the central idea that we create ourselves and that through our actions we create the world around us. We can choose our path freely and because of this we have to take up the responsibility of our actions. According to Sartre this creates ‘bad faith’ as you try to shift responsibility of your actions on others while other philosophers believe that this is a conscious effort towards forming society. By shifting responsibility we deceive ourselves and those who permanently dwell in bad faith live in unauthentic existence. When we become responsible of your actions, when we self-recognize who we are we exist in the mode of authentic existence. It says that man does not exist in a detached observer manner in the world but rather he is in the world and his actions will di rectly reflect upon his life. Existentialists believe that there is no purpose to human life unless we give it ourselves and that we are who we are by our actions. Our actions define us and our

Friar Lawrence Is Responsible for the Deaths of Romeo and...

In the Shakespearean tragedy, Romeo and Juliet, Friar Lawrence was a monk, and a counselor, who came up with intricate plots and concocted a seemingly magical elixir in order to solve problems that the lovers encountered. Friar Lawrence had a profound impact on the outcome of this Shakespearean play; however, in a way that led to catastrophe. There are many factors that caused the deaths of the lovers, but two of the most important were how Friar Lawrence disregarded his own logic, and how he missed numerous opportunities to save the lovers. First of all, Friar Lawrence explicitly knew better than to do many of the things he did. First, he should not have agreed to marry Romeo and Juliet so quickly. Romeo wanted to marry Juliet after†¦show more content†¦Had he done so, he could have informed Romeo that Juliet was alive, thus he could have prevented Romeos death. Also, Friar Lawrence did not physically stop Juliets suicide; he simply said Come, come away... Ill dispose of t hee among a sisterhood of nuns(V. iii. 154-157), and ran away. Had he not been so hasty, he could have realized that the consequences of being caught trespassing are less punitive than those of abandoning Juliet. In fact, Friar Lawrence knew that if he abandoned Juliet, she likely would have committed suicide, because she threatened to so in the past ...And with this knife Ill help it presently(IV. i. 54). Furthermore, he planned on solving the family feud with the marriage ...To turn your households rancour to pure love(II. iii. 92), but he did not make any arrangements to inform Montague and Capulet that he married Romeo and Juliet; he simply disappeared. Had he explained the situation to Montague and Capulet, at any time before the catastrophe, they would have trusted the friar, a holy man who everyone respected, and they would have hopefully dissolved their family feud. They did so in the end after the friar was forced to explain (V. iii). In brief, Friar Lawrence should have be en more proactive, and he should have stepped in at the right time. Friar Lawrence meant well, but as an adult, he had to take responsibility for his actions. As an adult, he should have thought things through, and he should have used any means necessary toShow MoreRelatedThe Death of Romeo and Juliet and Who is to Blame Essay examples1376 Words   |  6 PagesThe Death of Romeo and Juliet and Who is to Blame Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy by William Shakespeare, in which a young boy and girl fall in love and commit suicide. They come from 2 different families which have a deadly feud against one another. Romeo goes to a masked ball at the Capulets household where he falls in love with Juliet. He then proposes to her after the party in secret at Juliets balcony. Romeo then arranges a secret weeding with Friar Lawrence andRead MoreWho Is Blame for Romeo and Juliets Death1060 Words   |  5 Pagesliterary play Romeo and Juliet, William Shakespeare created a tragedy protagonist, Juliet, whose tragic death â€Å"buries their parents’ strife† (Prologue). The eternal feud between Montague and Capulets restraints the love between Romeo and Juliet and ultimately lead to their death. Juliet’s death has many different factors, and it’s hard to determine the truly blame of Juliet’s death. In all the important characters, Lord Capulet refuses to listen to Juliet’s request, which result in Juliet’s death. In theRead MoreEssay about Who Is Responsible for Romeos Death742 Words   |  3 Pagesis Responsible for Romeo’s Death In the play Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare there is much debate about who is responsible for Romeo’s death. Romeo and Juliet is a play where two forbidden lovers get married in secret despite their families’ feud. After Tybalt, Juliet’s cousin, kills Mercutio, Romeo’s best friend, Romeo kills Tybalt and is banished from Verona with the promise of death upon return. Lord Capulet plans to force Juliet to marry a man named Paris, but she runs to Friar LawrenceRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet957 Words   |  4 PagesKaitlyn Wright April 4 Period 2 Romeo and Juliet Essay Romeo and Juliet is a romantic-tragedy play written in 1595 by playwright and actor William Shakespeare. Shakespeare demonstrated in the play that is set in Verona, Italy, a tale of two families that have been feuding since before they can even remember. Trouble brews when both the families offsprings;Romeo and Juliet fall in love.The families they belong to,Romeo a Montague, and Juliet a Capulet would be furious if they found out thatRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet 1030 Words   |  5 PagesEsha Junankar Kate Evard Lit/Writ, Period 6 15 March 2017 Friar Lawrence’s Mistakes Love is considered one of the purest yet most complicated feelings in the world. There are different types of love, friendship love, romantic love, even sexual love. We humans have evolved over time, but the concept of love has not evolved with us. Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare about two young passionate lovers whose deaths unite their feuding families. Although no single characterRead MoreThe Role of Friar Lawrence in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet992 Words   |  4 PagesThe Role of Friar Lawrence in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Romeo and Juliet is one of Shakespeares tragedies, which tells the story of two lovers who belong to two feuding families, the Montagues and the Capulets. Romeo is a Montague who is in love with Rosaline. He finds out that the Capulets are having a feast and Rosaline will be there. Romeo goes, and meets Juliet. Little does he know that Juliets father wants her to marry Paris. Juliet is against thisRead MoreRomeo and Juliet Persuasive Essay660 Words   |  3 PagesRomeo and Juliet Persuasive Essay This play is about a boy named Romeo and girl named Juliet. Their family are mortal enemies so that means that they are always fighting with one another. At a Capulet party Romeo and Juliet meet for the first time not knowing who each other are, until later that night that they are enemies. They begin to fall in love with each other and get married after meeting for one night. Then the drama gets to their head and they kill themselves. In Romeo and JulietRead MoreWhy Is Friar Lawrence Responsible For Romeo And Juliet901 Words   |  4 PagesFriar Lawrence plays a major role in Shakespeares play, Romeo and Juliet. Through his lack of organization and judgment, Friar Laurence is highly responsible for the deaths of both Romeo and Juliet. He is a member of a group of wise priests that only want good in the world but, at the end of the play, you realize that Friar Lawrence makes many mistakes throughout the story. There are three major points that lead to the thats of both Romeo, Juliet, and even Mercutio. The first was the marriageRead MoreRomeo And Juliet Case Study971 Words   |  4 PagesWHO IS TO BLAME â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† is a young couple’s play about love and hate, angst and death by Shakespeare. The Recurring feud between the Montague and the Capulet families results in conflict.  There are many factors that are responsible for the deaths of Romeo and Juliet.  Friar Lawrence, Is held responsible for their tragic Deaths But the lovers too, especially Romeo, makes some Horrible decisions. Accidents also play a part.In The Lovers Deaths THE TRAGEDY is a catalogue of errors originatingRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1492 Words   |  6 PagesDeshal Desai Professor: Thomas Gilligan EN 358 29 July 2016 Romeo and Juliet The play Romeo and Juliet, by William Shakespeare, is known for its romantic tragedy between two star-crossed lovers and whose families are each other s enemies. The outcome of their own family’s enemy brings the death of the lovers. With all of the deaths, who is truly to blame for Romeo and Juliet s deaths? Friar Lawrence is most to blame for many obvious, yet overlooked reasons. If we look at some unusual situations

A Shared Sense Of History - 992 Words

A shared sense of history is about acknowledging that Australia already had a history long before European settlement, or ‘colonisation’, in 1788. It is about acknowledging that the Australian continent was not ‘terra nullius’, an empty, uninhabited land. It is about recognition and taking ownership of the history of Indigenous Australians, and also about looking at the chain of events, since colonisation, from their perspective. Up until the late 1960’s it was celebrated that Australia’s history was uniquely peaceful. There was no mention in Australia’s history books of the frontier conflict, or even one mention of Aboriginal people. Indigenous Australians ‘have always been here’, they are the sovereign peoples of this land and historically the oldest culture in the world. A shared sense of history is about telling the silent history and untold stories of Indigenous Australians. It is about acknowledging the pain and suffering that has been inflicted, through prejudiced legislation based purely on the colour of skin. The past history still has an impact today, however acknowledgement of our ‘shared history’ can hopefully balance knowledge, awareness and facilitate the healing that has to happen in Australia. Cultural identity is fundamental to the construction of this shared history. Officially, I identify as an English Australian Caucasian middle-aged female. I was born in the north east of England in a small fishing town called Grimsby. I have recently tracedShow MoreRelatedIs Shared Sense of History Possible in Australia?2353 Words   |  10 PagesIs Shared Sense of History Possible in Australia? There are many issues in Australia, the most longstanding of all being between the communities within the country. The country has witnessed many wars and internal conflicts that can be termed as cultural wars. Notwithstanding these wars and the social disintegration, the Australian communities still lived within the same borders. There is therefore a debate on whether the same kind of political and social integration can exist despite these historicalRead MoreAustralian History : Australia s History762 Words   |  4 Pages Shared History Australia’s history goes far beyond 1788. 1788 was when the first fleet arrived from England and set foot on the sands of Botany Bay, Sydney. The term ‘shared history’ simply means that Australia’s history is shared between both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Australians and that the country actively acknowledges the fact that the first people who inhabited this country were Aboriginals. Professor Mick Dodson, who was the Australian of the year in 2009 stated the fact that IndigenousRead MoreThe Role Of Industrialisation, The Modern State And Ethnicity1627 Words   |  7 Pagesmodernist scholars, nationalism and the symbols it utilises in the process of nation-building are but a method of top-down control. Gellner’s primary hypothesis was that the industrialisation which marks the beginning of modernity in fact fosters a sense of nationalism and encourages nation-building. He makes a distinction between the agrarian and industrial society. The agrarian social model according to Gellner is stratified and hierarchical, with little social mobility. The elites in this societyRead MoreKnowledge Is The Trunk Of A Tall Susquehanna Tree1593 Words   |  7 Pagesinto the roots. The trunk grows because of the roots and the branches, just how the ways of knowing are the necessity to the obtainment of knowledge. Because of the ways of knowing, such as, sense perception, memory, reason, language, emotion, faith, imagination, and intuition, the areas of knowledge and our shared knowledge are being acquired and expanded as they are being further investigated. The prescribed title displays a wide range of ideas that the areas of knowledge are being used to give knowledgeRead MoreKnowledge Is The Trunk Of A Tall Susquehanna Tree1563 Words   |  7 Pagesinto the roots. The trunk grows because of the roots and the branches, just how the ways of knowing are the necessity to the obtainment of knowledge. Because of the ways of knowing, such as, sense perception, memory, reason, language, emotion, faith, imagination, and intuition, the areas of knowledge and our shared knowledge are being acquired and expanded as they are being further investigated. The prescribed title displays a wide range of ideas that the areas of knowledge are being used to give knowledgeRead MoreNational and European Identity 1273 Words   |  6 PagesScholars of the European Union (EU) have a strong interest in the concept of European Union identity (Cram, 2009). The ‘European union’ identity can be identified nowadays, although there are still conflicts between national identities and a shared European identity which can be illustrated by the data from Eurobarameter and other sources. Most people perceive themselves as Europeans, as Anderson (1991) state, there is no contradictory between Europe and nation-state, ‘country first, but Europe,Read MoreWhy Do We Need A Professional Learning Community ( PLC )?803 Words   |  4 Pagesliked this movie, BUT... I wouldnt use it as a teaching tool because of... 1. Its rated R 2. Its too personal to one character 3. There isnt enough historical detail History/Practices NOT this... Provide direct access and utilize different instructional tools to promote learning via virtual platforms. Welcome to Develop work history/practice page of teachers to introduce specific disciplines and knowledge to create community of practice. Develop assessment tool for follow up (survey), revisits andRead MoreExamine the Claim That Britishness Is Defined by Shared Values1680 Words   |  7 PagesEvaluate the claim that British identity is defined by shared values. â€Å"National identities are only one among the many identities that people can hold†, (Clarke, 2009, p.212). How people perceive themselves and are perceived by others as British poses the question as to what Britishness is and who counts as British? To evaluate the role, shared values play in defining the British Identity it is necessary to examine how it is formed through place, culture, ethnicity, diversity and imagined communityRead MoreThe Black Atlantic : Modernity And Double Consciousness1190 Words   |  5 Pagespersonal stories from those who experienced it themselves. While focusing on the various components of the work including nationalism, race, music, double consciousness and the understanding of Afrocentrism, Gilroy hopes that through his research, â€Å"the history of the black Atlantic yields a course of lessons as to the instability and mutability of identities which are always unfinished, always being remade†(Gilroy xi). Two important themes Gilroy focused on were the topics of Black nationalism and raceRead MoreThe importance of History, Geography, Civics and Citizenship in the Australian Curriculum943 Words   |  4 Pages The importance of History, Geography, Civics and Citizenship in the Australian Curriculum F–10 cannot be underestimated. They encourage, foster and shape key skills and practices in students; by examining their link to Australian identity it is possible to observe their importance. Currently, the three subjects of History, Geography, and Civics and Citizenship are grouped under Human Society and its Environment (HSIE), and to varying degrees seek to link knowledge and understanding, values and attitudes

Development and Assessment Framework for Operations Excellence

Question: Discuss and critically assess the effect of operational excellence on sustainability for the cases presented. Answer: Critical analysis of the case study: As stated by Mitchell (2015), quality, responsiveness, maintainability and flexibility of the innovation cycle act as the major marketing tool for a firm or organization. The success of the organization depends largely on the values that add to the satisfaction of the customers. Any kind of strategy that is undertaken to improve the relationship with the customers makes the operation successful. It has been pointed out by Jaeger, Matyas and Sihn (2014), that any kind of operation that is made by keeping the customers perspective in mind proved to be fruitful. Sustainability is that state of organizational operation that is carried on to facilitate the customers need. In the recent market situation with the increasing competition, every organization remains in intense pressure to reduce cost without reducing the efficiency. An organization always benefits when it tries to reuse its waste products. For a construction company, huge wastes are generated with every operation (Golinska et al. 2015). Therefore, any approach that is undertaken to improve the operation of the Company results in favor of the organization. When efforts are made to increase the operational excellence of an organization, the outcome and the productivity increases by many folds. In the case study, it has been observed that the construction company had been using a number of sustainable approaches in various activities like supply chain manufacturing or delivering the products. Therefore, it can be easily said that the operational management towards sustainability will result in better economic and productive goals. Any action taken for sustainability approach will be fruitful for a construction firm. Reference list: Golinska, P., Kosacka, M., Mierzwiak, R. and Werner-Lewandowska, K., 2015. Grey decision making as a tool for the classification of the sustainability level of remanufacturing companies.Journal of Cleaner Production,105, pp.28-40. Jaeger, A., Matyas, K. and Sihn, W., 2014. Development of an assessment framework for operations excellence (OsE), based on the paradigm change in operational excellence (OE). Mitchell, J.S., 2015.Operational Excellence: Journey to Creating Sustainable Value. John Wiley Sons.

Child Parent Conflict and Academic Performance free essay sample

Education and family plays a major role in the psychological development of a child. Parent- child relationships are unique, but vary in complexity (Barber, 1994); however, the universal element among all relationships is conflict. Child-parent conflict is defined as a struggle, or trial of strength between a child (defined in my research paper as an individual under the age of 18) and their guardian(s). There are many different conflicts that may arise from different situations, different sources, and all of which have different outcomes. Several psychological problems may arise as a consequence of interrelationships between children and parents; some of which include physical and emotional stress, anxiety, etc. Child-parent conflicts cause the decrease in academic performance among young adults as a result from many negative outcomes, such as stressors, anger, and anxiety. The nature of such conflicts resides in diverse sets of sources some of which include family structure and parental dominance, which cause consequences in a child’s well-being, such as violence and stress. Background Information Several structural changes have occurred in relation to family life and marriages in American families over the past three decades (Demo, 1992). Family scholars have empirically documented that rapidly changing values, social roles, behavioral patterns, and household arrangements which have negatively influenced child-parent relations (Demo, 1992). Demo conducts his research to lay out evidence on how child-parent relations have changed by examining structural changes in living arrangements and by gearing his research towards the effects of child-parent interaction and parental employment. According to Demo the negative consequences attributed to divorce, single-parent family structure, and maternal employment has caused the decrease in the well-being of American children. Demo’s proof assures that academic performance has dropped as a result of these structural changes in family between 1960 and 1980. Demo’s research portrays strong reinforcement with enough empirical data on the topic of the evolution of family structure. Through a psychological perspective and in addition to these academic affects, child-parent conflicts cause consequences on the child which may be internal or external. Stress is a consequence of child-parent conflict and it is necessary to know more about its implication on an individual. The fight-flight response can be triggered easily during the high periods of stress causing physiological arousal, increase in heart rate, blood pressure, secretion, respiration, hormones excitement, which prepares the body to deal with an impounding threat (Plotnik, 1999). This confirming that stress has a physical affect on the body; according to the general adaptation syndrome stress goes through a series of three stages; the alarm stage, the resistance stage, and the exhaustion stage (Plotnik, 1999). The situational stressors examine frustration, burnout, and interpersonal violence (Plotnik, 1999). Burnout is a common affect among students who experience high levels of stress. For these reasons, there are many internal and external consequences inflicted upon the child which result from conflict and which affect different factors, education being an important factor of a child. Nature of Child-Parent Conflict Sources of Conflict Conflicts have specific sources from which they arise; however, each relationship is affected by diverse sets of sources. According to Barber, conflict comprises of different levels of intensity. He examines diverse categories of conflict which arise between child and parent. Barber conducts a study on 1,828 White, Black and Hispanic families with adolescents and reports his findings on personal and social factors related to variations in conflict. The strength of Barber’s findings is seen through his investigation on a large population with diverse cultural backgrounds so as to permit an evaluation of whether or not child-parent conflict is similar across cultures; however, little investigation on the personal characteristics of family members is done, reflecting the author’s weakness in his report. It is reported that conflict transpired habitually over everyday matters such as chores rather than substantive issues, such as, sex and drugs. The reason some families are more conflicted with others may have to do with the personal characteristics of the participants in the conflict (Barber, 1994). For this reason, given the same topic of discussion, one family will argue more than another keeping in mind personal experience and perspective. This area of inquiry is important because of consistent associations between conflicted family interaction and several forms of externalized and internalized family problems (Barber, 1994). Every family is different and is affected by different sources of conflict, some of which include family structure and/or parental dominance. As mentioned before, familial structural changes have come about over the past three decades resulting in changing values, social roles, behavioral patterns, and household arrangements which have negatively influence parent-child relations (Demo, 1992). Family patterns have changed through general erosions of single-parent families, maternal employment, and dual-earner marriages. The changes in family patterns show how we have evolved as a society from the ‘traditional’ living arrangements which use to consist of a working father, housewife, and the children (Demo, 1994). According to Demo, single parents are less involved in their child’s school work, exert little parental influence, and find it more difficult to supervise and discipline their children. These are considered sources of conflict which causes higher levels of deviant behavior and increases conflict amongst families. Everyday employed mothers, reportedly, spend less than 4 hours with their children, while in all family types, fathers average lower than mothers at 2. 5 hours with their children (Demo, 1992). Lack of parental supervision and control, marital conflict, and family violence are patterns found in many single-parent families (Demo, 1992). In this case study, evolution has impact our society in a negative manner and will open many eyes to the benefits of the traditional household. Parental dominance is defined as a guardian having the control or power over an individual. According to Nimkoff, irritation and tension can result from a family which consists of a superior-inferior relationship between parent and child. When a parent reveals their supremacy and uses it to dominate and dictate to their children, parental dominance comes into effect as it may trigger children to rebel against their parents. In effect parental dominance remains to be a source of conflict. This status inequality makes a child subject to his/her parents and the parent, a leader. Parental control manifests itself in two different forms, physical superiority and survival superiority. Physical superiority is an object of size and strength compared to the inferior while survival superiority refers to the parent’s demand over essentials for the maintenance of life. A child’s culture is also called to mind when discussing parental dominance. Parental power determines, to a considerable extent, such matters as the culture traits which the child will take on from the parent (Nimkoff, 1931). The points that the author uses to backup his thesis are strong and reflect the strength in his article; however it is lacking empirical data which is usually a form of evidence a study has been conducted. The lack of empirical data suggests the weakness of the article. Consequences of Child-Parent Conflict The consequences that arise from these conflicts are different in types and intensity. The psychological response to a condition that threatens and challenges an individual requires some form of adaptation or adjustment. The consequences of these conflicts are that they can distract an individual from their focus and lead to an emotional state which ranges in intensity from mild irritation to intense fury and rage (Plotnik, 1999). According to Vandewater and Luster a few consequences in a child’s well-being include stress and violence. A child’s well-being is defined as a child’s state characterized by health. According to Vandewater, parental conflict influences children’s well-being regardless of family structure; however keeping in mind, family structure remains to be a source of conflict. Parental dominance which exists between child-parent, may be viewed as extending to three general fields, the physical, the psychological, and the social (Nimkoff, 1931). According to Nimkoff, in extreme cases child-parent conflict may lead to alienation, which parallels to stress, which can be acute or chronic, also occurring in isolation (Plotinik, 1999). Stress is a leading consequence to any sort of conflict which usually leads to anger. Plotnik states that anger increases in blood pressure, heart rate and the levels of adrenaline and noradrenalin. There are types of anger â€Å"active† and â€Å"passive†. The â€Å"active† emotion is when a person, when angry lashes out, with or without justification. The second type of anger is passive emotion; silent sulking, passive-aggressive behavior and tension characterize it (Plotnik, 1999). Most young teens typically exhibit passive emotion while older teens typically display active emotion. Cook-Cottone explains that 25% of children experience stress by the age of 16. Stress which may reside from school or other external forces, is the main factor which contributes to academic performance. Violence is another consequence which may arise through conflict. Some conflicts that occur are physical, emotional, and/or sexual abuse. Physical abuse is the second most recurrently reported form of child abuse account for 25% of all cases of child abuse (Barber, 1994). Abuse can result in many types of psychological disorders. It may also be a source of child-parent conflict as while parents play a dominant role in the responsibility of a child, through role play a child may mimic their parents fighting, causing aggravation. Researchers found that parents who are employed spend less time interacting with their children, therefore are at more risk of being violent when they are with their children (Demo, 1992). Luster and Small investigates sexual abuse, physical abuse, alcohol assumption, suicidal ideation, parental monitoring, and parental support through a questionnaire of 42, 568 adolescents. Luster and Small’s article portray much strength as it takes into consideration history of the concepts and the patterns that evolved in the past. The empirical data presented sufficient reinforcement which makes the article overall very strong. There are several other external forces that may drive a child to different consequences which are not mentioned above. Relation between Child-Parent Conflict and Academic Performance The relationship between child-parent conflict and academic performance is complex and delicate. When an adolescent is distracted by situations at home, the problems often tends to follow them to school, which in effect causes the child to perform poorly. Distractions are usually sources of poor academic achievement. According to Cook-Cottone, there are many factors that lead to stress, and many children are unable to return to school because of it, severely decreasing their standings in their academics. Parents who assume dominant roles in the relationship and whom tend to look at negatively are more prone to attract conflict within their relationship (Barber, 1994). With many external forces weighing down a child, they are most likely to face some of the consequences mentioned above. A student’s success depends on many motives, good or bad. Good factors lead to success while bad ones lead to negative performance in academics. The nature of child-parent conflict differs when dealing with different situations. As the relation between child-parent conflict increases, academic performance decreases. Conclusion There are so many forces which impact children, biological, environmental etc. The solution I would suggest to solve the problem of child-parent conflict, would be targeted towards parents more than to children. It’s easy to propose solutions; however, most aren’t applicable to the universal problems of child-parent conflict. No matter what family structure or how much time spent with a child, parents should be able to have meaningful conversations with their children for the time they spend with them. Family interaction is necessary and would reflect a positive atmosphere to consequently promote a child’s success in academic performance. Understanding how student development and how they learn is also of great importance, maybe more to the teacher than to the guardian(s) of the child. Overall, keeping a positive atmosphere at home would decrease the amount of child-parent conflicts and increase a child’s confidence. The forces that affect a child always differ, as a teacher, it is important to keep track of a child’s academics. If a high achiever drop their grades significantly, it’s important to approach the child and discuss issues if need be. Education and family play major roles in the psychological development of a child, and communication between parents and teachers, teachers and children, and children and parents is of great importance in order for our society to reach a goal for the younger generations.