Audit and Assurance

BA (HONS) ACCOUNTING & FINANCE BA (HONS) PROFESSIONAL ACCOUNTING PROFESSIONAL ac find mastery COURSE YEAR 3 AUDIT & ASSURANCE 1 various(prenominal) ASSIGNMENT BRIEF give-up the ghost OUT DATE5th October 2011 HAND IN DATE INSTRUCTIONS FOR COURSEWORK You argon required to investigate and relieve oneself a report based on one of the following topics. please seek the assistance of the module leader Ivor Pingue and your seminar tutors for help and guidance with your coursework. Do not leave the research too lateThe word leap for the report is a minimum of 3,500 (+10%) words. maximum word count disregard be + 10% (Note reports submitted with less than 3,500 words willing be rejected and given a mark of zero ). Reports must paint a picture the word count and any report that does not include this will be rejected. All reports must be properly referenced and as well be submitted with a TURNITIN report. NOTE that high similarity reports could be arna to further investigation whi ch might lead to a charge of pedantic misconduct for plagiarism. PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT PLANIn addition to the pen report, you are to prepare a separate individual personal emergence statement in accordance with the attached brief. This individual submission is to be handed in for the attention of Peter Blowes. The personal victimization statement will contri onlye up to 10% of your overall mark for the unit. issuing 1 Given the recent banking crisis and the up-to-date volatility of the financial markets, rough commentators take hold suggested that the current inspect model is not fit for persona and should be changed to reflect the current business practices and models particularly relating to jeopardize and risk assessment. requisite Critically evaluate this statement and consider whether in your view, the current risk based approach to canvasing should be amended and if so, what model should be adopted. (NOTE YOU DO NOT HAVE TO RESTRICT YOUR RESEARCH TO THE UK). effect 2 External scrutinizeing has changed to accommodate the changes in corporate governance in the UK and another(prenominal) countries such as South Africa, Australia, US, India and China requisite Using a country or countries of your choice, research and prepare a report to critically evaluate the above statement. TOPIC 3With the current emphasis on carbon emissions and damage to the environment that businesses cause and an awareness of social issues, the map of attendees in providing social and environmental assurance reservations is likely to increase as we enter into the 21st Century. REQUIRED Research and explain the growth and development of social and environmental auditing in both the UK and a country of your choice. relieve whether you agree or disagree with the statement made. (NOTE make sure that your research supports and is evidenced by any assertions that you make TOPIC 4 Auditors are not only engaged in performing statutory audits but can provide assurance repor ts to a number of entities both merged and unincorporated. Also, auditors can help reduce the incidence of skulker within a business. REQUIRED Write a report suggesting ways that an assurance engagement can be useful to various forms of businesses including the use of forensic auditing services. Also, do you agree that an assurance service can reduce the incidence of fraud? How and why do you arrive at your view? TOPIC 5There have been a number of reports by the Audit supervision Unit examining, amongst other things, audit quality and audit compliance reviews (ACRs) REQUIRED Research the reports that have been produced in the UK that have considered audit quality and critically appraise them. In your report, you should make clear why you consider audit quality to be an important aspect of both the external and national audit process. Your report should also consider how an audit firm can perform an effective audit compliance review (ACR). TOPIC 6Given the behaviour of the audit firm Arthur Andersen in the Enron debacle, it could be argued that auditors are never truly independent of their clients and cannot be properly ethical in relation to their dealings with them for a variety of reasons, one of which being fees. REQUIRED Critically appraise the above statement by examining the relationship of the auditor to Enron. You should also consider how governments and the auditing professions in the US and UK have dealt with the issue of auditors liberty and ethics. Have they gone far enough in providing public office in this area?What suggestions would you make to improve the position? TOPIC 7 The question of competition within the audit market is a risque topic particularly for the middle tier and lower tier audit firms who have argued for some time that there is an unfair dominance of life-sized 4 audit firms in relation to FTSE 100 companies. REQUIRED accept whether in your view the mid and lower tier audit firms have a fair argument in terms of the dom inance of the prodigious 4 audit firms in relation to the FTSE companies. What can be through with(p) to address this issue to ensure fair competition in the audit market ?Can governments do more in this regard? (NOTE flip the current debate relating to this as well as the relevant reports). TOPIC 8 Examine articles within the following auditing journals Auditing A Journal Of exercise & Theory International Journal of Auditing Take a period of 36 months and selecting a theme that has been examined within these journals, write a report showing how it has been considered in these journals. Within your answer, state whether in your opinion, the matter has been satisfactorily unflinching or whether further research and examination is required. MODULE LEADER

Principles of Management Essay

The thorough aim of any give craft is to make net release and increase those profits. Organizations thence in its day to day telephone circuit activities will ceaselessly aim at making the maximum profits at a very(prenominal) low damage of production. This basically federal agency that a confederation wants to make very high profits with bring bulge out incurring a survey of expenses. In minimizing their cost of production while still ensuring that maximum profits argon realized, sometimes companies violate regulations and laws governing them.It is therefore of ut some vastness that there are calve external bodies charged with the function of carrying out checks and balances to escort that companies, businesses and organizations in general do not violate primed(p) knock off regulations as they attempt to maximize their profits at very low costs of production and in like manner that the consumers gets the products at very cheap prices and that the environme nt is not polluted by the by-products of the manufacturing companies. Therefore the first direct of regulating companies is to check over that the consumer on the ground is not shortchanged in equipment casualty of prices.This basically means that without regulations a beau monde may charge immoderately high prices for its products to the disadvantage of the customer. The restrictive bodies therefore ensure that a modular price for every(prenominal) particular product is set and companies are given a limit and extent up to which they are not pass judgment to exceed. Should there be a violation by any company the regulatory dust always steps in and channelizes an immediate accomplishment and if the company had no justifications whatsoever to go against the laid down regulations, disciplinal measures against the company are the next step.Business regulation is viewed by some(prenominal) as a way of enhancing better business environment. jurisprudence is in addition don e to ensure that companies give consumers spirit products for their money. It has been observed over the erstwhile(prenominal) social classs that failure to stabbingly monitor a companys activities leads to recklessness and negligence by manufacturers so that consumers get very lo0w quality products. The laws governing the regulation of a company therefore provide for a regulatory body whose function is basically to check the flesh of products a company arrive ats in term of quality.The issue of quality is almost corresponding to suitability of a product for use by customers in terms of safe(p)ty. A product could be of low quality in that it is not up to the standards expected of such a product. For instance, if it is a vehicle it would be said to be of low quality if it fails to cover the mileage a car of a similar make would be expected to make. tone of voice is also looked at in terms of suitability so that it is distinguished for the regulatory board to establish whe ther a company is making are suitable for use.For instance, if it is a company that manufactures food stuffs, then the regulatory body must ensure that the foods manufactured are actually edible and safe for human consumption. In case of medical products they must ensure chemicals utilize in the manufacture of medicines occupy no side effects on the body of a patient. In case of electronic products it is vital to ensure that the are safe so that they dont blow up on the user of that product. It is for this reason that every country has regulatory bodies cognise as bureaus of standards of goods and products in general are of importtained by the manufacturers.Regulation by external regulatory bodies is also done to ensure do not carelessly dispose off waste products thereby polluting the environment. well-nigh companies if left to go un watchd would cause a l0ot of harm to the environment. This is because of the kind of waste products they produce. Most of the waste products are not solely deadly but also poisonous. The regulatory bodies are therefore very submissive in ensuring that companies treat their waste products prior to releasing them to the outside world. snap off still, they ensure that even with the w3aste products being inured, they are disposed in the remedy place and manner. A case scenario of a company that used to produce to waste products that were venomous and then carelessly release the waste products into the rude air. This in turn caused the surrounding residents great suffering as there was an outbreak of diseases. The regulatory body immediately intervened and the company was closed down indefinitely until they found a lasting solution.It has also been observed that most industries would rather drain their waste products in the water . odies notwithstanding their toxic levels so that they cut down expenses of having to dispose the waste products in the objurgate way. This kills the aquatic animals thus destroying the environme nt. The regulatory bodies in such cases are very quick to ensure that no life both human and that of animals is consecrate in danger. Regulation is also done to ensure prompt defrayal of taxes by companies. Every company in business in every country is required to pay taxes to the government of that particular country.This forms a reference book of income for the government. Most companies as discussed earlier are very evasive because their main finishing is to make maximum profits. Thus they sometimes attempt to evasion of payment of taxes in exhibition to make as high profits. It is no secret that even the consumers on the ground who are the back jampack of the business field are more often than not treated very unfairly by the businessmen as they attempt to get to their principal of maximum profit at the lowest practicable cost.Manufacturers and owners of companies always want to be beneficiaries of their browse at no extra cost thus tax evasion and turning away is ver y frequent in the business field. However, they ignore the fact that by engaging in such malpractices of tax evasion and avoidance the government stands s to lose a lot in terms of revenue and as a pull up stakes the countrys population suffers as the government is no weeklong able to sustain their needs due to insufficient revenues. Note that the manufacturers have had nothing to lose as their businesses still go on as desired.It is also important to note that failure of companies to pay taxes automatically means that a lot more will be demanded from the individuals thus suppressing the common citizen. Most people dont find the importance of stipendiary taxes. line of work is an obvious source from which countries can generate cash to inventory human development. It is also one of the means by which they can light to free themselves from dependence on handouts and the punitive conditions often attached to aid.Tax can also help countries determine their own route out of pove rty. How Tax Policies Fleece the Poor, Christian Aid, September 2005, page6) Regulatory bodies therefore ensure that companies pay taxes as they should to avoid suppressing the poor people. Research indicates that evasion and avoidance of taxes by companies has led to a considerable increase in hold dear Added Tax which is the tax imposed on common goods used by ordinary people therefore placing an unfairly heavy burden on poor people. Regulation of companies is also done to ensure that employers respect grok laws put in place to protect rights of employees at the work place.to a greater extent often than not employers ignore the rights of their employees thus employees are made to work under very poor conditions. Therefore the regulatory bodies in articulation with non-governmental bodies come together in defending the rights if the workers and ensuring that companies follow the laws governing the rights of the employees to the letter. The regulatory bodies also ensure that work ers are not treated unfairly in terms of wages by ensuring that they are paid above the marginal wage.It also ensures that employees are not overworked in term s of work load and the number of hours that they work. The regulatory bodies are also very keen in terms of the age limit so that companies do not employ underage employees in send to have cheap labor. another(prenominal) major function of the regulatory bodies is to ensure that companies submit annual returns as they should and at bottom the required time. The annual returns and reports contain the activities of the company for a given period usually one year and include income generated, profits made, expenses incurred and losings made.Most companies default in the submission of these annual reports and returns in give to conceal the profits made and consequently evade being taxed. They also default in submission of the reports as a way of cover up for any activity or activities carried out in the year that contravened any laid down rules. The regulatory bodies therefore step in to ensure that all companies submit their annual returns and reports and that they do so within the required time.Regulatory bodies also play a major determination in ensuring that companies comply with the general requirements of operating and running of a company. This is in relation to the formation of a company, who makes the board of governors, who constitutes members of a company, shareholders and all other requirements a company is expected to comply with in its trading operations. The regulatory bodies are always in the frontline in the protection of investors so that companies do not manipulate them as far as investment is concerned.From the roles discussed earlier, it is very choke that a regulatory body is of great importance in the business field as it ensures that companies operate without the slightest form of flaws. From the discussion, it is very clear. From the discussion, it is clearly spell out that companies cannot by any means regulate themselves. This is for the obvious reasons that regulations of their operations are obviously incompatible with the fundamental principle with their fundamental purpose, goal and objective of making maximum profits at the lowest possible cost.It is unrealistic and almost impossible to expect that companies will regulate themselves while it is very clear that their main objective in business and the labor of regulation totally are not synonymous. It is therefore in order to conclude that if companies are left to be in charge of themselves and asked to regulate themselves while it is very clear that their many objectives in business and the task of regulation totally do no rhyme.It is therefore in order to conclude that if companies are left to be in charge of themselves, they would take advantage, exploit people and the consumer on the ground would be on the losing end. It is therefore correct to state that regulation of companies and other b usiness organizations can only be successfully done by external regulatory bodies separate from the company itself who have no interest whatsoever in any the company or activities.Therefore it is only with the right regulatory measures that a fair playground in the business industry can be achieved. This can be achieved by ensuring that regulatory bodies are established for checks and balances of companies and business organizations at large. Regulation by eternal regulatory bodies has also compete a major role in establishing fair and healthy opposition among businessmen therefore has a level playground to do their business.

Racial Discrimination from Police Essay

Racial inconsistency in the fall in States is as old as America itself. The United States motto deduces that, although America is a single country, it is made up of hoi polloi of all walks from all the corners of the world, but close to as slaves, especially from Africa. The American population is diverse both culturally and racially thus the light upon Melting Point. Racial discrimination is the act of subordinating an mortal due to the illusion of the skin or lam. Discrimination against people of color began desire ago while slavery still existed, and it took a polished War between the Northern and Southern states to end slavery.In history, anti-Semite(a) violence, practice of law brutality, has been used to suppress the racial dims and to preserve power and privileges for the livid race. This was done for five primary purposes. First, it has forced swart people into slavery or low wage situations. Secondly, to steal land and other resources. A third was to maintain social sustain. A fourth purpose was to get rid of conflict in politics, social life, and employment. Lastly, the fifth purpose was to unite fresh people across the ethnic, class, and gender boundaries.It is not really different of what we cypher nowadays through every day in the street. It is just acquire a little bit smoother , cover up by law that a certain category of people make to encourage themselves and the ones who as the privilege to use it. around of the times, they do not been set as the minority whenever they do the same mistakes by the justice in this country. The following grounds for suspicion of criminality be among the many reasons that African American motorists ar pulled over Driving a luxury auto (e. . , Lexus, Mercedes, BMW, etc. ), driving in a cable car with other black men, driving early in the morning or late at night, driving in a low-income similarity, known for its drug traffic, driving in a neighborhood where there yield been recent burgl aries, Although the above itemisation may in fact be the reason that a disfavor officers attention is obtained, none of the reasons listed can be filed as a probable cause in the police report. I set out so many bad experiences with the police that I withdraw, it is just acquiring worst.We all know, minority people, that they use theses bunch of laws to still keep us down because they still, and for more of the white people ,think that they are a boss race. One day, I was with my dad driving around a nice neighborhood with some friend to go pick up one our friend to go at the club. It was late around 11 pm that night. From nowhere the police pull us over and place actin really at their defensive. They asked us to get out of the car, after checking if the car has the proper paper (insurance & driver license).They asked us what we were doing there and we answered without stress that we are going to pick up a friend of us to go at the club. One of us asked us, straight up on our face, if we were not here for other illegal purpose in the neighborhood. We were still playacting cool, at the same moment two others police cars pulled over. We were surprise by the number of units just for 3 people. They start searching us with some brutality and still asking stupid questions. The car also has been check. They brought a K-9 dog to search the car. We did not know what they were looking for and even if they have a warrant on us.After some so long minutes, they let us go. The think that really made us tactile property that we were inferior was the fact that one of the cars was following us through the neighborhood until we got out. That experience was the most shameful one I ever been into. I really hate cops since this experience. Being a minority and particularly black is not a crime. I totally presume that most of the police are like that. Racial bias and discrimination are living in the minds of many individuals, some of whom may have, if it is at all possible , a justification for such thoughts.But when it comes to the protection and justice of a society, race should not even be an issue. The criminal justice system of now fuels its flame of democracy with decisions influenced by a certain individuals race and stature in society, and allows these preconceptions to be the basis of such decisions. Whether it is the African American motorist being pulled over with no probable cause, or the racially spurred brutalizing by the police, racism prevails in the world of criminal justice.Most communities that suffer police discrimination and violence have little control of the economy, or political overseers of the police. Typically the people who do have these powers are the richer communities, with primarily white citizens. I do not think the union or even education can do something about it, it is already in their manners and nothing will change it, The only think that could make a minority person close to their tight passel is money.

Americas vietnam war

Vietnam state of contendfare, which is also referred to as the back up Indochina shinny was one of the longest and most controversial contends of the 20th century.The war resulted from the ideological differences which arose after the end of the second war and was instigated by the impulse betwixt the America and her allies and the Communist block to curtail the emergence influence of the separate. The war occurred largely in Vietnam specifically in Laos and Cambodia from 1955 which was unless a decade after the end of the Second World war.Like former(a) nations in the regions, Vietnam found herself divided between two sides serving argue interest of communisticic and joined States. North Vietnam was supported by communist allies, largely Soviet Union and China, while reciprocal ohm Vietnam was supported by the United States which was advocating for growth of democratic governments in the regions. randomness Vietnam also enjoyed support from some other nations who w ere members of the siemenseast Asia Treaty Organization. However, the whole war was a protracted involution between United States and Soviet Union to assume superpower positioning in the world after the end of the Second World state of war.1The Vietnam state of war has been described as longest military conflict that United States has each engaged in. The continued hostilities in Laos and Cambodia light-emitting diode to loss of more than 58,000 American soldiers and civilians serving in the war. It is also estimated that more than 304,000 were wounded in the tune of the war.Up to the end of the war in 1975, Vietnam War had attracted a administrate of unfavorable judgment from non only from American civilians but also leaders in the whole world. In other word, it was described as a war without a nominate and with no justification rather than fulfilling the ego of universe the leading nation in the world, which was at the expense Vietnamese and Americans.Vietnam War goes down in history books as one of the humiliating wars that United States had ever engaged in. Despite her military powers, united state wooly the war terribly leading to eventual withdrawal from the war in 1975. 2The Vietcong, who were slightly armed communist inflammatorys waged a successful guerilla war using un effected military tactics and eventually defeated the South Vietnamese Army which was supported by United States and used conventional war and military equipments.The South Vietnam soldiers allied with the United States forces used maestro air strikes to conduct search and destroy tactics which were supported by ground forces, artillery strikes and reinforced with air strikes. Despite this superiority, United States and the South Vietnam lost the war terribly to the slightly armed communist insurgents.The cause and the reasons why United States lost the Vietnam War has been a subject of public debate since then. Despite deploying its military advisors and combat units, United States could non cope with the insurgence and military tactics that were used by the Vietcong. 3In the course of the war, Viet Cong suffered a lot of tactical setbacks and set off out of military advisors further aggravated their situation. The main interrogatory therefore remains, how did the Viet Cong war strategy give them victory over their enemies in spite of suffering a number of setbacks?This paper will discuss the Vietnam War specifically trying to answer the above question. However, the paper will basic have an overview of the Vietnam war looking into how the united states entered the war, the military deployment and how United States forces reinforced South Vietnam forces. Finally the paper will look at the war strategies used during the war and the reason why Vietcong eventually triumphed despite lack of proper military equipments and use of unconventional military strategies.Overview of Vietnam War4The genesis of the Vietnam War can be traced to the anti-co lonial war that was waged against France. Famously regarded as the starting time Indochina war, the first Vietnam War eventually culminated to the second Indochina war which attracted the attention of the United States and other anti-communist allies in the world. After a long Vietnamese scrape that was direct by Ho Chin Minh, France was eventually forced to leave Vietnam after more than one hundred years of colonial rule.Communist insurgent forces, which were commanded by General Vo Nguyen Giap eventually defeated French forces in the battle at Dien Bien Phu. This has been considered as a decisive battle since it convinced France that she could not hold for long in the plain and Paris responded by suing for peace. 5This led to the subscribe of Geneva Peace Accord in 1954 between France and Vietnam. However, France unexpended Vietnam more divided than she had found the country.In the course of their struggle against France, Vietnam was supported by Soviet Union and the Peoples Republic of China which had been truly keen in spreading the communist influence in the region. concisely after the end of the Second World War, a protracted struggle had ensued between United States and Soviet Union based on their ideological difference.Like the Europe scramble for colonization, the end of the Second World War led to emergence of another scramble for ideological colonization. The two ideologies were communist administration championed by Soviet Union, and democratic governance championed by United States. Vietnam was not immune from this scramble and the country came at a lower place influence of the two sides.6The Vietnam delegates who went to hash out for the peace accord with France in Geneva found themselves torn between the two ideological sides. As a result, the Geneva Accord was sticky negotiated and eventually led to the division of the country into to military zones.For the sake of signing of the peace accord, the delegates in Geneva agreed for the temporally partitioning of the country at the Seventh Parallel which led to emergence of South Korea under the influence of United States and North Korea under the influence of Moscow and her communist allies, mainly China.The communist bloc did not want to engage in another war with the West in the face of ensuing Korean War and they believed that through political influence, they would soon take over South Vietnam without much struggle.1 Bell, Philip. Remembering Vietnam Current Affairs Bulletin, Vol. 65, no. 2 (July, 2002) 14 2 Rand, Corp. maverick Organization and Operations A Case Study of the Viet Cong in the Delta, 1964-1966. (Santa Monica, 1997), 12 3 Michael, Lanning and Dan, Cragg. Inside the VC and the NVA. (Ballantine Books, 1993), 92 4 Stanley, Karnow. Vietnam A History. (Viking Press, 1983), 54 5 Rand, Corp. Insurgent Organization and Operations A Case Study of the Viet Cong in the Delta, 1964-1966. (Santa Monica, 1997), 53 6 Michael, Lanning and Dan Cragg. Inside the VC and the NVA. (Ballantine Books, 1993), 35

Lamb: The Gospel According to Biff, Christ’s Childhood Pal Chapter 16

Chapter 16We were twelve geezerhood into our journey, following Balthasars meticulously drawn map, when we came to the bulwark.So, I state, what do you ph peerless of the w wholly?Its gr run, give tongue to Joshua.Its not that great, I say.T here was a hanker store waiting to get finished the giant gateway, where scores of bureaucrats collected taxes from van masters as they passed by means of. The gateho dos al one were each as big as one of Herods palaces, and soldiers rode horses atop the w just now, patrolling furthermost into the distance. We were a good league arse from the gate and the neckcloth didnt check bym to be moving.This is waiver to take sum tot entirelyy day, I said. wherefore would they build such a function? If you washba ejaculate build a jetty resembling this then you ought to be capable to raise an army super enough to defeat any invaders.Lao-tzu create this w each, Joshua said.The old master who wrote the Tao? I dont retrieve so.What does the Tao value above all else?Compassion? Those former(a) two jewel intimacys?No, inaction. Contemplation. S teadiness. Conservatism. A wall is the excuse of a country that values inaction. yet a wall imprisons the tribe of a country as much as it protects them. Thats why Balthasar had us go this way. He wanted me to follow out the error in the Tao. superstar cant be free withtaboo action.So he spent all that mea certain teaching us the Tao so we could match that it was wrong.No, not wrong. not all of it. The compassion, humility, and moderation of the Tao, these are the qualities of a righteous man, that not inaction. These bulk are slaves to inaction.You worked as a scarcutter, Josh, I said, nodding toward the massive wall. You believe this wall was built through inaction?The magus wasnt teaching us ab issue(predicate) action as in work, it was action as in change. Thats why we chance oned Confucius first invariablyy refinedg having to do with the order of ou r fathers, the law, manners. Confucius is like the Torah, rules to follow. And Lao-tzu is even to a greater extent conservative, saying that if you do nothing you wont break any rules. You wear to permit tradition fall slightlytime, you control to take action, you take up to eat bacon. Thats what Balthasar was trying to teach me.Ive said it to begin with, Josh and you hunch how I love bacon just I dont think bacon is enough for the Messiah to remove.Change, Joshua said. A Messiah has to bring change. Change comes through action. Balthasar at a time said to me, Theres no such thing as a conservative hero. He was wise, that old man.I belief or so the old magus as I looked at the wall reach over the hills, then at the line of travelers ahead of us. A vitiated city had arriven up at the entrance to the wall to declare the needs of the de drop impinge oned travelers along the Silk Road and it boi take with merchants hawking nourishment and drink along the line.Screw it, I said. This is going to take forever. How long can it be? Lets go or so.A month later, when we had returned to the same gate and we were standing in line to get through, Joshua asked So what do you think of the wall now? I mean, now that weve listenn so much more(prenominal) of it?I think its ostentatious and unpleasant, I said.If they dont have a adduce for it, you should suggest that.And so it came to pass that through the ages the wall was agnizen as the Ostentatious and Unpleasant Wall of China. At least I rely thats what happened. Its not on my Friendly Flyer Miles map, so I cant be sure.We could see the mountain where Gaspars monastery lay long before we reached it. Like the other peaks around it, it cut the sky like a huge in any caseth. downwardstairs the mountain was a village surrounded by eminent pasture. We stop there to rest and water our camels. The people of the village all came out to greet us and they marve direct at our strange look and Joshuas cur ly fuzz as if we were gods that had been lowered out of the heavens (which I guess was true in Joshs case, merely you forget intimately that when youre around someone a conduct). An old toothless woman who spoke a dialect of Chinese similar to the one we had learned from Joy convinced us to present the camels in the village. She traced the course of action up the mountain with a craggy experience and it was obvious that the path was both too nail and too center to obtain the animals.The villagers served us a spicy sum dish with bubbling bowls of take out to wash it down. I hesitated and looked at Joshua. The Torah forbade us to eat meat and dairy at the same meal.Im thinking this is a lot like the bacon thing, Joshua said. I in reality dont feel that the Lord economic aids if we wash down our yak with a bowl of milk.Yak?Thats what this is. The old woman told me.Well, sin or not, Im not eating it. Ill besides drink the milk.Its yak milk too.Im not drinking it.Use your own judgment, it served you so well in the past, like, oh, when you decided we should go around the wall.You know, I said, weary of having the whole wall thing brought up again, I never said you could use raillery whenever you wanted to. I think youre using my invention in slipway that it was never intended to be utilize.Like against you?See? See what I mean?We left the village early the next morning, carrying only some rice balls, our water come ups, and what miniscule money we had left. We left our three camels in the care of the toothless old woman, who promised to take care of them until we returned. I would miss them. They were the crisp double-humpers wed picked up in Kabul and they were comfortable to ride, but more important, none of them had ever tried to bite me.Theyre going to eat our camels, you know? We wont be gone an hour before one of them is turning on a spit.They wont eat the camels. Joshua, forever believing in the goodness of human beings.They dont know wh at they are. They think that theyre just tall food. Theyre going to eat them. The only meat they ever get is yak.You dont even know what a yak is.Do too, I said, but the air was getting thin and I was too tired to prove myself at the time.The sun was going down rear the mountains when we finally reached the monastery. Except for a huge wooden gate with a small hatch in it, it was constructed entirely of the same foul basalt as the mountain on which it stood. It looked more like a fortress than a place of worship.Makes you wonder if all three of your magi live in fortresses, doesnt it? spend a penny the doorbell, said Joshua. There was a bronze gong temporary removal outdoors the door with a padded drum spoil standing next to it and a planetary house in a language that we couldnt read.I prepare up the gong. We waited. I hit the gong again. And we waited. The sun went down and it began to get very inhumanness on the mountainside. I rang the gong three times loud. We ate our rice balls and drank nearly of our water and waited. I pounded the bejezus out of the gong and the hatch undecided. A weak light from inside the gate illuminated the smooth cheeks of a Chinese man about our age. What? he said in Chinese.We are here to see Gaspar, I said. Balthasar sent us.Gaspar sees no one. Your aspect is dim and your eyes are too round. He slammed the little hatch.This time Joshua pounded on the gong until the monk returned.Let me see that drumstick, the monk said, holding his hand out through the little port.Joshua gave him the drumstick and stepped patronise.Go away and come bet on in the morning, the monk said. provided weve trave guide all day, Joshua said. Were cold and hungry.Life is suffering, the monk said. He slammed the little door, leaving us in close to total darkness.Maybe thats what youre supposed to learn, I said. Lets go home.No, we wait, said Joshua.In the morning, aft(prenominal) Joshua and I had slept against the great gate, hudd take to gether to conserve warmth, the monk opened the little hatch. You still here? He couldnt see us, as we were today below the window.Yes, I said. Can we see Gaspar now?He craned his manage out the hatch, then pulled it back in and produced a small wooden bowl, from which he poured water on our heads. Go away. Your feet are misshapen and your eyebrows grow together in a threatening way.ButHe slammed the hatch. And so we spent the day outside the gate, me wanting to go down the mountain, Joshua imperativeness that we wait. There was frost in our hair when we woke the next morning, and I matt-up my very bones aching. The monk opened the hatch just aft(prenominal) first light.You are so stupid that the village idiots guild uses you as a standard for testing, said the monk.Actually, Im a member of the village idiots guild, I retorted.In that case, said the monk, go away.I cursed eloquently in five languages and was beginning to tear at my hair in licking when I spotted something large m oving in the sky overhead. As it got closer, I saw that it was the angel, wearing his aspect of black robe and wings. He carried a flaming bundle of sticks and pitch, which trailed a trail of flames and heavyset black smoke behind him in the sky. When he had passed over us several(prenominal) times, he flew off over the horizon, leaving a smoky descriptor of Chinese characters that spelled out a message across the sky abjure DOROTHY.I was just fuckin with you (as Balthasar used to say). Raziel didnt really write SURRENDER DOROTHY in the sky. The angel and I watched The Wizard of Oz together on television dwell night and the scene at the gates of Oz reminded me of when Joshua and I were at the monastery gate. Raziel said he identified with Glinda, Good Witch of the North. (I would have thought transitory monkey, but I believe his choice was a blond one.) I have to admit that I felt some sympathy for the scarecrow, although I dont believe I would have been singing about the lack of a brain. In fact, amid all the musical laments over not having a heart, a brain, or the nerve, did anyone notice that they didnt have a penis among them? I think it would have shown on the Lion and the Tin Man, and when the Scarecrow has his pants destuffed, you dont see a flying monkey waving an errant straw Johnson around anywhere, do you? I think I know what song Id be singingOh, I would while away the hours,Wanking in the flowers, my heart all full of song,Id be gilding all the lilies as I waved about my willieIf I only had a schlong.And suddenly it occurred to me, as I unruffled the above opus, that although Raziel had always seemed to have the aspect of a male, I had no idea if there were even genders among the angels. After all, Raziel was the only one Id ever seen. I leapt from my chair and confronted him in the midst of an afternoon Looney Tunes festival.Raziel, do you have equipment?Equipment?A package, a taliwacker, a unit, a dick do you have one?No, said the angel, perplexed that I would be asking. Why would I need one?For sex. Dont angels have sex?Well, yes, but we dont use those. So there are female angels and male angels?Yes.And you have sex with female angels.Correct.With what do you have sex?Female angels. I just told you.No, do you have a sex organ?Yes.Show me?I dont have it with me.Oh. I realized that there are some things Id really rather not know about.Anyway, he didnt write in the sky, and, in fact, we didnt see Raziel again, but the monks did let us into the monastery after three days. They said that they made everybody wait three days. It weeded out the insincere.The entire two-story construction that was the monastery was fashion of rough stone, none larger than could have been lifted into place by a single man. The rear of the building was built right into the mountainside. The structure seemed to have been built under an existing overhang in the rock, so there was minimal roofing exposed to the elements. What did show was made of terra-cotta tiles that lay on a steep incline, apparently to shed any buildup of snow.A short and hairless monk wearing a saffron-colored robe led us across an outer courtyard paved with flagstone through an austere doorway into the monastery. The floor inside was stone, and though immaculately clean, it was no more finished than the flagstone of the courtyard. There were only a hardly a(prenominal) windows, more like arrow slits, cut high in the wall, and little light penetrated the interior once the front door was closed. The air was thick with incense and filled with a buzzing chorus of male voices producing a rhythmic chant that seemed to come from everywhere and nowhere at once and made it seem as if my ribs and kneecaps were vibrating from the inside. Whatever language they were chanting in I didnt understand, but the message was clear these men were invoking something that transcended this world.The monk led us up a narrow stairway into a long, narrow corridor lined wit h open doorways no higher than my waist. As we passed I could see that these must be the monks cells, and each was just large enough to accommodate a small man lying down. There was a weave mat on the floor and a woolen blanket roll up at the top of each cell, but there was no evidence of personal possessions nor storage for any. There were no doors to close for privacy. In short, it was very much like what I had grown up with, which didnt solve me feel any better about it. Nearly five historic period of the relative opulence at Balthasars fortress had spoiled me. I yearned for a soft bed and a half-dozen Chinese concubines to hand-feed me and rub my body with sweet oils. (Well, I said I was spoiled.)At last the monk led us into a large open chamber with a high stone ceiling and I realized that we were no longer in a man-made structure, but a large hollow. At the far end of the cave was a stone statue of a man place cross-legged, his eyes closed, his detention before him with the first fingers and thumbs forming closed circles. Lit by the orangeness light of candles, a haze of incense smoke hanging about his shaved head, he appeared to be praying. The monk, our guide, disappeared into the darkness at the sides of the cave and Joshua and I approached the statue cautiously, stepping carefully across the rough floor of the cave.(We had long since bewildered our surprise and outrage at graven images. The world at large and the art we had seen in our travels served to dampen even that grave commandment. Bacon, Joshua said when I asked him about it.)This great room was the source of the chanting we had been hearing since get into the monastery, and after seeing the monks cells we determined that there must be at least twenty monks adding their voices to the droning, although the way the cave echoed it might have been one or a thousand. As we approached the statue, trying to ascertain what sort of stone it was made from, it opened its eyes.Is that you, Josh ua? it said in perfect Aramaic.Yes, said Joshua.And who is this?This is my friend, Biff. insistently he will be called jack oak, when he needs to be called, and you shall be Twenty-two. While you are here you have no name. The statue wasnt a statue, of course, it was Gaspar. The orange light of the candles and his complete lack of motion or expression had only made him appear to be made of stone. I suppose we were as well as thrown off because we were expecting a Chinese. This man looked as if he was from India. His skin was even darker than ours and he wore the red dot on his head that we had seen on Indian traders in Kabul and Antioch. It was difficult to tell his age, as he had no hair or beard and there wasnt a line in his face.Hes the Messiah, I said. The Son of God. You came to see him at his birth.Still no expression from Gaspar. He said, The Messiah must die if you are to learn. obscure him tomorrow.Scuse me? I said.Tomorrow you will learn. Feed them, said Gaspar.Another monk, who looked almost identical to the first monk, came out of the dark and took Joshua by the shoulder. He led us out of the chapel chamber and back to the cells where he showed Joshua and me our accommodations. He took our sitchels away from us and left. He returned in a few proceedings with a bowl of rice and a cup of weak tea for each of us. Then he went away, having said nothing since letting us in.Chatty little guy, I said.Joshua scooped some rice into his mouth and grimaced. It was cold and unsalted. Should I be worried about what he said about the Messiah dying tomorrow, do you think?You know how youve never been altogether sure whether you were the Messiah or not?Yeah.Tomorrow, if they dont kill you first thing in the morning, tell them that.The next morning spot Seven monk awakened Joshua and me by whacking us in the feet with a bamboo staff. To his credit, digit Seven was smiling when I finally got the sleep cleared from my eyes, but that was really a small consola tion. Number Seven was short and thin with high cheekbones and widely set eyes. He wore a long orange robe woven from rough cotton and no shoes. He was shaven and his head was also shaved except for a small backside that grew out at the crown and was tied with a string. He looked as if he could be anywhere from seventeen to thirty-five years old, it was unrealistic to tell. (Should you wonder about the appearance of Monks Two through Six, and Eight through Twenty, just imagine Number Seven Monk nineteen times. Or at least thats how they appeared to me for the first few months. Later, Im sure, except that we were taller and round-eyed, Joshua and I, or Monks Twenty-one and Twenty-two, would have fit the same description. When one is trying to shed the bonds of ego, a unique appearance is a liability. Thats why they call it a uniform. But alas, Im getting ahead of myself.)Number Seven led us to a window that was obviously used as a latrine, waited while we used it, then took us to a small room where Gaspar sat, his legs crossed in a seemingly impossible position, with a small table before him. The monk bowed and left the room and Gaspar asked us to sit down, again in our native Aramaic.We sat across from him on the floor no, thats not right, we didnt actually sit, we lay on the floor on our sides, propped up on one elbow the way we would have been at the low tables at home. We sat after Gaspar produced a bamboo staff from under the table and, with a motion as fast as a striking cobras, wham us both on the side of the head with it. I said sit he said.Then we sat.Jeez, I said, guide the knot that was prominence over my ear.Listen, Gaspar said, holding the stick up to clarify exactly what he meant.We listened as if they were going to discontinue ripe any second and we inevitable to stock up. I think I even stopped external respiration for a while.Good, said Gaspar, laying the stick down and pouring tea into three simple bowls on the table.We looked at the tea sitting there, steaming just looked at it. Gaspar laughed like a little boy, all the graveness and authority from a second ago gone from his face. He could have been a benevolent older uncle. In fact, except for the obviously Indian features, he reminded me a lot of Joseph, Joshuas stepfather.No Messiah, Gaspar said, switching to Chinese now. Do you understand?Yes, Joshua and I said in unison.In an instant the bamboo stick was in his hand and the other end was bouncing off of Joshuas head. I covered my own head with my arms but the bollocks never came.Did I strike the Messiah? Gaspar asked Joshua.Joshua seemed genuinely perplexed. He paused, rubbing the spot on his head, when another blow caught him over his other ear, the sound of the impact sharp and harsh in the small stone room.Did I strike the Messiah? Gaspar repeated.Joshuas dark brown eyes showed neither wo(e) nor fear, just confusion as deep as the confusion of a calf who has just had its throat cut by the Temple pr iest.The stick whistled through the air again, but this time I caught it in mid-swing, wrenched it out of Gaspars hand, and tossed it out the narrow window behind him. I quickly folded my hands and looked at the table in front of me. Begging your pardon, master, I said, but if you hit him again, Ill kill you.Gaspar stood, but I was afraid to look at him (or Joshua, for that matter). Ego, said the monk. He left the room without another word.Joshua and I sat in silence for a few legal proceeding, thinking and rubbing our goose eggs. Well, it had been an interesting trip and all, but Joshua wasnt very well going to learn much about being the Messiah from someone who hit him with a stick whenever it was mentioned, and that, I supposed, was the reason we were there. So, onward. I drank the bowl of tea in front of me, then the one that Gaspar had left. Two wise men down, one to go, I said. Wed better find some breakfast if were going to travel.Joshua looked at me as perplexed as he had at Gaspar a few minutes before. Do you think he needs that stick?Number Seven Monk handed us our satchels, bowed deeply, then went back into the monastery and closed the door, leaving Joshua and me standing there by the gong. It was a clear morning and we could see the smoke of cook fires rising from the village below.We should have asked for some breakfast, I said. This is going to be a long come up down.Im not leaving, Josh said.Youre kidding.I have a lot more to learn here.Like how to take a beating?Maybe.Im not sure Gaspar will let me back in. He didnt seem too blithesome with me.You threatened to kill him.I did not, I warned that Id kill him. Big difference.So youre not going to catch?And there it was, the question. Was I going to stay with my best friend, eat cold rice, sleep on a cold floor, take abuse from a mad monk, and very likely have my skull split open, or was I going to go? Go where? property? Back to Kabul and Joy? Despite the long journey, it seemed easier to go back the way I had come. At least some level of familiarity would be waiting there. But if I was making easy choices, why was I there in the first place?Are you sure you have to stay here, Josh? Cant we go find Melchior?I know I have things to learn here. Joshua picked up the drumstick and rang the gong. In a few minutes the little port opened in the door and a monk we had never seen before stuck his face in the opening. Go away. Your nature is subdued and your breath smells like a yaks ass. He slammed the hatch.Joshua rang the gong again.I dont like that whole thing about killing the Messiah. I cant stay here, Joshua. Not if hes going to hit you.I have a feeling Im going to get hit quite a few more times until I learn what he needs me to know.I have to go.Yes, you do.But I could stay.No. Trust me, you have to leave me now, so you wont later. Ill see you again. He turned away from me and faced the door.Oh, you dont know anything else, but you know that all of a sudden?Yes. Go, Bif f. Good-bye.I walked down the narrow path and nearly stumbled over a precipice when I heard the hatch in the door open. Where are you going? shouted the monk.Home, I said.Good, go dismay some children with your glorious ignorance.I will. I tried to keep my shoulders settle down as I walked away, but it felt like someone was bust my soul through the muscles of my back. I would not turn around, I vowed, and slowly, painfully, I made my way down the path, convinced that I would never see Joshua again.

Approach in Teaching Standard English to Native Speakers

incline is utilize by many a(prenominal) people all around the world. Different people commit it for different purposes in different settings. The side of meat in the modern magazines is not considered as a incorporate and single speech beca part of many detailors, whizz of which is the versatile society that has contributed to the discipline of the side spoken colloquy. Linguist had developed a number of specialized term to tick off the different expressive styles people nowadays use incline. The offshoot one is due to the regional variations of the people. People in different regions analogous the US, Canada, London, Ireland, Australia, India or Asia have different ways in using the side of meat expression. These regional variations in different beas differ very much in let the cat out of the baging the position language either on its pronunciation, vocabulary or grammar. (Byrd, 1999)The second is the existing sub-regions within this region. The US has man y sub-regions existing to a fault in England there be considerably many conclaveings to be considered. The ordinal factor is that all English atomic number 18 different, but all of them are considered and share the common core, the English language. The fourth factor entails that in summing up to the regional variations of English, English has sub-groups of speakers which are alike either in procreation or social status.(Byrd, 1999) There are features of pronunciation and grammar that are used to link people together belonging to a social group and as part of their social identity as members of the group.The fifth factors entails that English can be categorized into subsets belonging to a certain pillow slip of communication, say the English language used by engineers, mathematicians, or a group of college learners. The sixth factor attributes the variation on how English is pen or spoken. This particular factor is quite complex but the superior general idea is that there are differences attributed from example, a written research newspaper compare to a research presentation done in public. This area of topic is inherent for English studyers of ESL/EFL for them to be able to sort which character of English to teach, and how they can effectively teach the type of English to use in a communication setting appropriate with the situation and conditions. Finally, linguistic scientist often times discuss the varieties of English based on fashion. Style is often divided into loose sub-groups which label things such as formal, neutral, and informal. (Byrd, 1999)STANDARD AND NON-STANDARD ENGLISHIn the discussion of streamer English, the topic that greatly affects this discussion concerns with the use of terms and differentiation between standard and non-standard English. twain of these terms must be defined clearly before discussing the discipline approach in teaching Standard English to native English speaking students. Biber et al. (1988) sugges t that vernacular should be used to define the Standard English rather than the tern non-standard because it somehow implies a contradict connotation to it.For master teachers of English, they should be very careful with labeling and defining the sub-categories on English. English teachers are faced with issues such as first, with regards to the term standard which is a label in accordance with the people who are dominating a universe of discourse and are likely to label the term to something that implies to having a prescription to use something that is labeled as standard.The term standard does not evince it being a better or best form of English, it scarcely is a term governed by the rational process of standardization. Second, terms which retrace the variety of English with un- or in this case, uneducated should be eliminated because of the negative connotations it brings. Third, there exists the realization that a system is present in tell between standard and no-standar d. This system gives little help in specifying the many sub groups of English speaking people based on the vocabulary, grammar or pronunciation. Fourth, it must be understood that any individual must speak more than one version of English because in a diverse society, the skill is needed and can be used appropriately in everyday communication settings.APPROACH IN TEACHING STANDARD ENGLISHIn todays academic plan, specifically in grammar, the debate is not really well-nigh grammar, but rather language. Standard American English should be taught to students for them to keep the essential style in communicating the English language. Katz and Stevens (1997) proposes that there should be a curriculum which is based on the model of foreign-language denseness programs that aims to teach students with Standard English to teach them the value and understand of English whether it whitethorn be in writing, speaking, reading or understanding.The authors attributed their proposal based on the observation that the traditional curricula in most schools through the traditional method has not been effective in reaching the students reading, writing, speaking, audience and grammar skills. Hatwell (1985) study suggests that even with the study on formal grammar rules the knowledge acquired by students is not translated into practice. Also explained by Brosnahan and Neuieb (1995) mentions that one of the primary reasons why students are unable to transfer their knowledge into action is because teachers are not teaching the right method.The authors suggest that the best way is to create an surround in which students are comfortable in studying the complexities of grammar. After their study, Brosnahan and Neulied conclude that teachers are likely to effectively teach the medium if they themselves like the topic and this in turn motivates their students to learn. This is called the enthusiastic commandment approach in grammar. Unfortunately, the study does not reflect the imp rovement on the students general easiness with Standard English.According to Weaver (1979), the isolated grammar instruction could even hinder the language development, this situation because of the idea that the situation entails students isolation among their peers. quite than practicing the formal ideas in the isolation instruction program, students are deprived of the time to either read, write and converse among their peers which could significantly help them in understanding Standard English.Krashen (1985) concluded in his study that the most efficient way to acquire a second language is through immersion. Standard English, in other areas in of the world are considered as their second language because basically, they do not use the language in everyday settings and situations. The immersion approach exit abide students to learn Standard English in a situation and environment where they can interact with their peers, and use the language in the direct communication process of the program.Only after which student learns the efficacy of the second language do they learn about the language itself, and this in the end will refine their usage and style. density program will succeed as a method for teaching Standard English to native English speakers because it initiates the process by which children acquires their first language. This is accredited to the fact that children learn language holistically, first, through the immersion at home, and this leads to their understanding and communication ideas about their surroundings and with other people.Through immersion, children are stimulated continuously through their first language. To affectively teach this approach, it should encompass areas in speaking, writing, listening, and reading activities. Also, different activities should eternally be referring to this method for it to be effectively to be proven in a normal classroom setting. The school administrators should also take their intent in being co mmitted with this kind of approach they should be the one to facilitate a cross-curricular immersion environment that explicitly uses the Standard English to emphasize its subjects.Teachers of the immersion curriculum should also work in teams to allow the continuum process of learning for both students and teachers. This will entail a optimistic direction that will keep students motivated and will provide an environment where cooperation is included in every class. It must be noted though that the tightness approach will not benefit all students, only(prenominal) those students in an environment where Standard American English is used poses as the best environment to which the approach can be adapted.CONCLUSIONThe traditional instruction of English is seen as ineffective and the need for a language curriculum that adapts to the developing needs of the students to become linguistically competitive is realized. Current grammar instruction and traditional methods had failed to deli ver the appropriate language and communicating skills to the students. This is the problem that the Immersion program wishes to solve. Standard English, considered as a second language, enables students to effectively excrete with other people that comprise the diverse society we live in today. This will help them become competent and confident later on in their lives. Discreet lessons concerning prescriptive grammar is not evidently shown in the students language composition or their oral communicating skill, thus, the Immersion program aims to bring literacy, composition and communication together for students to master the essential concepts of Standard American English.ReferencesBIBER, D., ET AL. (1988) Variation Across Speech and Writing, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.BROSNAHAN, I. A. N., J. (1995) Teaching Grammar Affectively acquire to Like Grammar Porthsmouth, N.Y, Boyton/Cook.BYRD, P. (1999) Standard & Non-Standard English The Dangers of Ill-defined Concepts.HARTW ELL, P. (1985) Grammar, Grammars, and the Teaching of Grammar. College English, 47, 105-127.KRASHEN, S. (1985) Inquiries and Insights Second talking to Teaching, immersion, and Bilingual Education, Hayward, CA, Almany Press.STEVENS, K. A. (1997) Standard English Immersion for Native Speakers PIPA.WEAVER, C. (1979) Grammar for Teachers, Urbana, IL, NCTE.

Pirated DVD in Quiapo Manila Story Essay

Manila is one of the most visited and famous cities in the Philippines and Quiapo is the part of Manila. numerous Filipinos love to visit Quiapo, because this place is very provoke and you can name many different products to buy in Quiapo. forth for that you go forth descry the Minor Basilica of the Black Nazarene likewise known as Quiapo church and millions of devotees are visiting this Catholic heritage. Quiapo is non only known because of the said church, but also because of the pirated videodisc market where in people can buy cheap pirated DVDs. We can non convict these people in buying pirated one the reason is it is cheap and low-priced especially for those who cannot afford buying original which will cost them decade to thirty times the price of a pirated DVD.Before, when you cross the streets of Quiapo you can see hundreds of different store stands and tables full of new and old DVD Movies. masses enjoyed looking for DVD to buy. Many Filipinos found a living becau se of this business. This is illicit but this business fed many Filipino families and they were able to propel their sons and daughters to a decent school. For so many grades this business had stayed. The year 2012 is not a good year for them, the local and national political science took full force to make this business gone in Quiapo.Many shoppers were sad by this story they could not imagine that the happy low-cost DVD market they found has gone in the wind. Because of what happened most DVD sellers return to their provinces and we never know what kind of life they will face. This is not a happy ending story for many. Lately the vendors shifted from Manila to other place or provinces. We cannot blame this people for in this business they find a way to feed their families. I hope the government will provide more jobs to lessen this kind of way of living.

Sredni Vashtar & the Lumber-Room Summary

A sickly ten-year-old boy livelys a miserable carriage in the house of his domineering cousin guardian. However, He would not live an opposite 5 years of his life because he is sick. He cr eradicatees a fantasy religious cult in a garden spue, where his idols argon a biddy and a ferret. He is a l geniusly and fantastic young boy. One day he bought a polecat-ferret and named it Sredni Vashtar. Conradin lived with Mrs De Ropp, his guardian. She is the one who took trade of Conradin and responsible to serve shelter, food and clothes for conradin.Although they lived together, Mrs De Ropp dislikes Conradin. She never shows her concern toward Conradin. In the story, Conradin keeps deuce animals in backyard shed which is a hen and a ferret. But, Mrs. De Ropp discovers the hen and told to Conradin that she has sold the hen to the butcher. When his guardian gets rids rid of his hen, he prays to the ferret for revenge. Then, Conradin overrule his devotion to the Sredni Vashtar, a great f erret. It gives happiness to Conradin although he is sick. Sredni Vashtar is like a god for Conradin. One day, Mrs. De Ropp realized that Conradin was keeping something else from her in the shed where Sredni Vashtar hang ined. She goes the shed again. At last she finds Sredni Vashtar patch Conradin prays to his god for the safety of his ferret. She went there to cross out it but she was been bitten in the throat by the ferret and died. Sredni Vashtar bite Mrs. De Ropp. The housemaid went to the shed and shocked. She screamed out loud as she discovers the dead body of Mrs. De Ropp season Conradin enjoys toast in the kitchen. The Lumber-Room One morning, a boy called Nicholas doesnt want to eat his breakfast, and puts a frog in his bowl.His distant aunt gives out to him for this, and Nicholass two cousins and younger brother are taken to the seaside at Jagbourough, while he has to remain at home as a punishment. When the other children afford left, Nicholass distant aunt goes to work in the garden and commands him to stay out of the gooseberry garden. Nicholas instead takes the key from a shelf in the library and sneaks into the lumber room, where he is never allowed to go. He has lots of looseness in the lumber room. He sees lots of beautiful and strange objects, much(prenominal) as old ornaments, tapestries, and a teapot shaped like a duck.He finds a big book with pictures of birds in it. While he is looking at at a picture of a duck, the aunt screams for him. Nicholas finds that she has fallen into a tank of water, and refuses to help her out on the grounds that she is an impostor. Nicholass cousins and brother begin back from the sea in a very bad mood. They have had no fun at all because the tide was in and one of them had sore feet. The aunt was rescued from the watertank by a kitchen maid after(prenominal) more than half an hour. Only Nicholas is happy because he is thinking of a tapestry depicting hounds and a stag.

Chapter 22 Apush Key Terms

Marcus Pando Period 4 Chapter 22 recognise Terms Describe and state the diachronic significance of the following 7. Freedmens bug out Initiated by electric chair Abraham Lincoln and was int abolished to last for unity family aft(prenominal) the end of the polite War. At the end of the war, the Bureaus main character reference was providing emergency food, housing, and medical aid to refugees, though it also helped reunite families. Later, it cogitate its work on helping the freedmen adjust to their conditions of freedom.Its main job was backing up work opportunities and supervising labor contracts. 8. Exodusters Was a name granted to African Americans who left the southKansas in 1879 and 1880. After the end of reconstruction, racial oppression and rumors of the reinstitution of slavery led many freedmen to seek a new place to live. 9. Wade-Davis prime Was a write up proposed for the reconstructive memory of the South written by two Radical re state-supportedans, Sena tor Benjamin Wade of Ohio and Representative Henry wintertime Davis of Mary territory.In contrast to chairwoman Abraham Lincolns more(prenominal) lenient Ten portion Plan, the bill made re-admittance to the Union for antecedent Confederate states contingent on a volume in each Southern state to take the ironclad oath to the effect they had never in the erstwhile(prenominal) supported the Confederacy. 10. Percent Plan 11. moderate/radical Republicans Radical Republicans were a loose junto of American politicians within the Republican Party from about 1854 (before the American Civil War) until the end of Reconstruction in 1877.They called themselves radicals and were opposed during the war by moderates and right factions led by Abraham Lincoln and subsequently the war by self-described conservatives (in the South) and Liberals (in the North). Radicals potently opposed slavery during the war and after the war distrusted ex-Confederates, demanding harsh policies for the forme r rebels, and emphasizing courtly rights and voting rights for Freedmen (recently freed slaves). 1 12. Black Codes Black Codes were law of natures in the united States after the Civil War with the effect of limiting the civil rights and civil liberties of wispys.Even though the U. S. constitution originally discriminated against blacks and both Northern and Southern states had passed discriminatory legislation from the early 19th century, the term Black Codes is used or so often to refer to legislation passed by Southern states at the end of the Civil War to control the labor, migration and other activities of newly-freed slaves. 13. sh arcropping Sharecropping is a system of trim back in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crop produced on the land (e. g. , 50% of the crop).Sharecropping has a long history and there are a wide range of different situations and types of agreements that have encompassed the system. Some are governed by tradition, others by law. 14. Civil Rights Act A join States federal law that was mainly intended to protect the civil rights of African-Americans, in the wake of the American Civil War. The Act was enacted by intercourse in 1865 but vetoed by President Andrew Johnson. In April 1866 Congress again passed the bill. Although Johnson again vetoed it, a two- ternions majority in each house overcame the veto and the bill became law. 5. Fourteenth Amendment Its Citizenship article provides a broad definition of citizenship that overruled the despotic Courts ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) that had held that black people could not be citizens of the linked States. 1 Its Due Process clause prohibits state and local governments from depriving persons of life, liberty, or property without certain steps universe taken to ensure fairness. This clause has been used to make most of the Bill of Rights applicable to the states, as well as to recognize substantive and procedural r ights.Its Equal Protection Clause requires each state to provide pair protection under the law to all people within its jurisdiction. This clause was the basis for Brown v. Board of Education (1954), the Supreme Court determination which precipitated the dismantling of racial segregation in United States education. In vibrating reed v. Reed (1971), the Supreme Court ruled that laws arbitrarily requiring sex disparity violated the Equal Protection Clause. The amendment also includes a number of clauses dealing with the Confederacy and its officials. 17. Reconstruction ActAfter the end of the American Civil War, as let on of the on-going process of Reconstruction, the United States Congress passed four statutes known as Reconstruction Acts. The actual title of the initial legislation was An act to provide for the more efficient government of the Rebel States and it was passed on skirt 2, 1867. Fulfillment of the requirements of the Acts were undeniable for the former Confedera te States to be readmitted to the Union. The Acts excluded Tennessee, which had already ratified the 14th Amendment and had been readmitted to the Union. 8. ordinal Amendment Prohibits each government in the United States from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizens race, color, or previous condition of servitude (for example, slavery). It was ratified on February 3, 1870. The Fifteenth Amendment is one of the Reconstruction Amendments. 19. Ex parte Milligan Was a United States Supreme Court case that ruled that the application of military tribunals to citizens when civilian courts are still operating is unconstitutional.It was also controversial because it was one of the first cases after the end of the American Civil War. 22. scalawags Were southern cleans who supported Reconstruction and the Republican Party after the Civil War. Like similar terms such(prenominal) as carpetbagger the word has a long history of use as a slur against southerners considered by other conservative or pro-federation Southerners to weave southern values by supporting policies considered Northern such as desegregation and racial integration. 1 The term is commonly used in historical studies as a neutral descriptor of Southern White Republicans, though some historians have discarded the term due to its history of dyslogistic connotations. 2 23. carpetbaggers Was a pejorative term Southerners gave to Northerners (also referred to as Yankees) who moved to the South during the Reconstruction era, amongst 1865 and 1877.24. Ku Klux Klan advocated extremist reactionary currents such as white supremacy, white nationalism, and anti-immigration, historically expressed through terrorism. 10 Since the mid-20th century, the KKK has also been anti-communist. 10 The current manifestation is splintered into some(prenominal) chapters with no connections between each other it is classified as a hate group by the Anti-Defamation League and the Southern Poverty faithfulness C enter. 11 It is estimated to have between 3,000 and 5,000 members as of 2012. 12 The first Klan flourished in the Southern United States in the late 1860s, then died out by the early 1870s. Members espouse white costumes robes, masks, and conical hats, designed to be outlandish and terrifying, and to hide their identities. 13The countenance KKK flourished nationwide in the early and mid 1920s, and adopted the same costumes and codification words as the first Klan, while introducing cross burnings. 14 The third KKK emerged after World War II and was associated with opposing the Civil Rights Movement and climb on among minorities. The second and third incarnations of the Ku Klux Klan made frequent reference to the USAs Anglo-Saxon and Celtic blood, harking back to 19th-century nativism and claiming descent from the original 18th-century British colonial revolutionaries. 15 The first and third incarnations of the Klan have well-established records of engaging in terrorism and politi cal violence, though historians count whether or not the tactic was supported by the second KKK. 25. string Acts Can refer to several groups of acts passed by the United States Congress. The term commonly refers to the events after the American Civil War. 26. Tenure of stance Act Was a federal law (in force from 1867 to 1887) that was intended to restrict the power of the President of the United States to crawfish out certain office-holders without the approval of the Senate.The law was enacted on March 3, 1867, over the veto of President Andrew Johnson. It purported to deny the president the power to remove any executive officer who had been appointed by a past president, without the advice and consent of the Senate, unless the Senate approved the removal during the next full session of Congress. 27. Impeachment of President Johnson The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson, 17th President of the United States, was one of the most dramatic events in the political life of the United St ates during Reconstruction, and the first impeachment in history of a sitting United States president.Johnson was impeached for his efforts to undermine Congressional policy he was not guilty by one vote. The Impeachment was the consummation of a lengthy political battle, between the moderate Johnson and the Radical Republican movement that dominated Congress and sought-after(a) control of Reconstruction policies. Johnson was impeached on February 24, 1868 in the U. S. endure of Representatives on 11 articles of impeachment detailing his high crimes and misdemeanors,1 in accordance with Article Two of the United States Constitution.The Houses primary charge against Johnson was with violation of the Tenure of Office Act, passed by Congress the previous year. Specifically, he had removed Edwin M. Stanton, the Secretary of War (whom the Tenure of Office Act was largely designed to protect), from office and replaced him with Major General Lorenzo Thomas. The House agreed to the articl es of impeachment on March 2, 1868. The trial began three days afterwards in the Senate, with Supreme Court Chief Justice Salmon P. copy presiding.Trial concluded on May 26 with Johnsons acquittal, the votes for conviction being one less than the required two-thirds tally. The impeachment and subsequent trial gained a historical character as an act of political expedience, rather than necessity, based on Johnsons insubordination of an unconstitutional piece of legislation and with little regard for the will of the public (which, despite the unpopularity of Johnson, opposed the impeachment). Until the impeachment of Bill Clinton 131 years later, it was the only presidential impeachment in the history of the United States.

Website for Cavite State University-Silang Campus

INTRODUCTION1.1 Background of the StudyA report refers to a printed publication consisting of folded unstapled sheets and containing intelligence instruction, feature articles, advertisements, and correspondence. It occupies an signifi batht place in our life. It plays an important role in shaping the destiny of a country. E very first light a discussionpaper brings up news from every corner of the world. A good newspaper is a sign of good civilization and kick upstairs of a country. It satisfies the demands of the literates, it covers a wide range of subjects like sports, advertisement, education, trade etc. the government makes important announcements only through a newspaper. It plays a very important role in a democratic country.It is a neat mirror of the public opinion. The importance of newspapers cant be handle in the social uplift of the country. Hence, newspapers still enjoy an integral articulation in the society (Prajwal N., 2010). The Sumilang group of Publica tions, the publisher of The Sumilang Chronicles and other scholastic newsletters, is the formalised publication of Cavite State University Silang Campus. The geological formation is built under Republic spiel No. 7079 or the Campus Journalism Act of 1991. According to Section 2 of R.A. 7079, It is the decl ard policy of the State to uphold and protect the freedom of the push even at the campus level and to promote the spudment and growth of campus news media as a means ofstrengthening ethical values, encouraging lively and creative thinking, and developing moral character and personal discipline of the Philippine y exposeh.In furtherance of this policy, the State sh altogether undertake various programs and toils aimed at improving the journalistic skills of students concerned and promoting responsible and free journalism. It is the responsibility of the organization to provide the members of the pedantic community with all the current news and updates happening around th e campus which includes university and donnish news, victimisation news, community news, features, sports news, literary, opinion and photo essays. However, release of newsletter internal the university is not frequent unlike other schools, resulting to lack of information on the latest happenings inside the university.To promise this problem, the proponents have come up with a proposed instruct to develop a website for The Sumilang Group of Publications, in which the current news and events of the university can be read and accessed any clipping and anywhere by the students, faculty members, and administrators of the university.1.2 line of the ProblemAccording to some interviews conducted to the members of the The Sumilang Group of Publications, they ar experiencing difficulties with their operations. With the traditional process in communication with other members, they are affected in terms of reaching out to its members, thus resulting in miscommunication. The manual br ass of checking and passing of news articles are too affecting the operations of the organization.Some articles are not chase the seemly process in proofreading, thus resulting to multiple unseen errors. As detect by the proponents, developing a website for The Sumilang Group of Publications of Cavite State University Silang Campus get out greatly benefit the organization. With this, the students, faculty members and administrators, pull up stakesing now have access to information on the latest news and updates inside the university online. The organization will also have the ability to import and manage their data and articles with the help of the website.1.3 ObjectivesThe ecumenical objective of this strike is to create a website for The Sumilang Group of Publications of Cavite State University Silang Campus. Also, this study has the following specific objectives a. To design a website that will play up the ex officio publication of the university b. To disseminate th e latest news and events inside the university in solid time c. To develop the transcription as intended, andd. To test and implement the system.1.4 substance of the StudyThe project design, Website for the Sumilang Group of Publications in Cavite State University Silang Campus, was developed in nightclub to address the need of the organization in managing updates about the latest news and events happening inside the university. Also, this was intended for the rapid processing of articles to elevate their services.This study is also intended to benefit the writers of the Sumilang Group of Publications because it will let them blot their articles in a more than secure and convenient manner. Also, the students and instructors of Cavite State University Silang Campus will benefit with this website because they can now coordinate and contribute in ensuring that all information found are correct and well-updated.Multitasking will also be more efficient with the help of this proje ct design. The members will now be able to save time in submitting their articles, while other staffs and members can now handle other tasks, thus making their operations more efficient. Also, the university can save resources, time, and energy in producing accurate reports that in return, will eliminate time hindrances and data inconsistencies.As for the students and instructors that will serve as the readers, this system can assure that all data found on the website are timely and accurate Giving the impression that the Sumilang Group of Publications is a presumable organization that will result in more confidence for the members ofthe organization in order for them to continue serving the academic community. Scope and LimitationThis project design is only limited in the development of a website for The Sumilang Group of Publications of Cavite State University Silang Campus with the following features Add, edit, and feature news articles, display news and announcements, and high light the Sumilang Group of Publications as the official publication of Silang Campus. In order to develop the project design, the researchers used a single unit of computer with the following specifications Intel Atom processor N270 (1.60 GHz, 533 MHz FSB, 512 KB L2 cache) processor, 2GB memory and 500GB hard phonograph record storage. For the packet, the researchers used Microsoft Windows 7 Ultimate (32-bit) operating system, PHP for the scripting language, and MySQL for the database.In order to properly address the problem of the organization and to produce software that will meet current standards, the researchers used the Rapid Application Development (RAD). RAD is a software development process used to speed the overall development time of a system. The objective of RAD is first to decrease development time, which will decrease expense, by involving end-users in every phase of the software development life cycle. There are four phases in RAD as shown in Figure 1. The first phase is requirements planning.Requirement planning is the process of identifying the solution to the current problem. The user design phase is the phase when the end-user gives thoughts on how the system should be designed. This would be a non-technical design. It is a local design of the system. The adjacent phase is the construction phase, which is the actual building of the system. The final phase is the origination of the system, which is called the cutover phase. Included in this phase is the testing and training of the users.

Group decision making essay Essay

Introduction.Managers in todays business environs are faced with numerous often-unplanned events that require termination- qualification. In the past it was much(prenominal) common for a director to set the course of action individually or within ceremonious themes.Important ends in the business circle are now deemed likewise lay on the liney or important to be made inbuiltly by star somebody. A manager mustiness dupek the right advice from some(prenominal) different sources.Today it is often common for m any an other(prenominal) managers to seek exponentiation from lower level employees in the decision making bidding whenever it advise be done. besides it is non always possible just to take aim a colleague what they should do. Most decisions exit require a attend to of a greater degree of subordinate enfolding these decisions tidy sum be made through a variety of different ways such(prenominal)(prenominal) as committees, task crowds, departmental particip ation and so forth.It is s attend to that making decisions in a company allows for every angle to be looked at and every possible liking to be created with every decision from a crowd offering the vanquish solution this method of decision making. stock-still like many proficiencys it has its positives and negatives.It potentiometer be time go through and whitethorn not offer an answer to the paradox that satisfies everyone.This es think hopes to discuss both the utilitys and disadvantages of separate decision-making using several theories and some real life show topic studies.We will see how participation in decision-making affects companies decisions we will look at several helpful object lessons i.e. howl-jago amaze and all referencing it to real life situations and quotes from noteworthy persons in the fieldCircumstances Of meeting decision.Managers as part of their business organisation are faced with many decisions in which they commit to undertake, it is up t o the managers themselves to decide in what kind of way they want to ferment the decision and crystalise the problem. However groups flush toilet offer an essential feature in decision making for an organisation. As Coghlan points outMembership of teams and groups shape perception and participation in organisational change.. Groups and teams play a key role in the process of planned organisational change. The change process typically learnducts teams in the organisationals hierarchy responding to the change agenda and adapting to it in terms of its tasks and processes (Coghlan)Coghlan statement clearly virtuosos us to believe that groups are critical in making important accusation changing decisions for the company.Evidence supports this statement and we will look at this a little later as we discuss the advantage and disadvantages.First we will look at how managers ca put on about making the decision to utilization group participation.A manager may decide to use group de cisions in several circumstances and the contingency model by vroom and Yetton as well as the vroom and Jago decision model can prove useful in helping management decide when to get ahead group participation.In he contingency model by Vroom and Yetton there are v key management styles as set forth by Vroom that a manager can undertake to disembowel decisions. This is shown in appendix 1.We can see from this that the amount of participation that a manager involves in a decision varies greatly. It would not be logical for managers to alwaysinvolve group decision-making on smaller problems such as whether to refund a customer (if it was something worth 10) this would be a fade of time and resources for the company and could easy be dealt with on the stop with a programmed decision by the staff.Group decisions as described by Coghlan can be very useful for important or company changing problems or opportunities. It would not be wise to let one person decide whether to invest 4 bi llions pounds to merge with another company. This is a case when it would be wise for the company to go for the style as vroom described as decision style GII i.e. where you share a problem with your subordinates as a group and implement any solution that has the entire support of the group.The Vroom and Jago decision model goes onto produce a decision tree for choosing a appropriate decision-making method.This decision tree allows the manger to proceed along the branches by answering the questions at each point. This leads to one of the five decision making styles as described in the Vroom Yetton model. However it has to be said that this model as well as models in general are neither right nor wrong they must be seen as guidelines or as a reference. However the Vroom-Yetton, Jago model must be seen as a useful tool in the aid of decision-making although it is not perfect.Looking at appendix 2 we can see that the model looks a little complex all the same once you transcend the s tarting point QR we can see that the model is simply a set of high, low yes, no answers that guide you to an eventual decision style. This model has been criticized as beingness not perfect. However it is not possible for me to say these critics are not right or wrong only this model is neither. However support is growing for this model as more examples of its uses come to light.Advantages, Disadvantages To Group Participation.In todays empowered swear out places managers involve all workers in decision making as a draw rein rather than choice. However companies must understand thatparticipative decision-making does has its disadvantages as well as it obvious advantages.It is seen that in business two heads are better than one. This can be true in some circumstances as it offers an advantage in terms of offering a lodger perspective to consecrate the problem and shape out its causes and effects. It also changes the company to hurl more ability and facts at its disposal there fore allowing for greater scope to sort out any potentially tricky problem.Group hind endchat leads to the military rating and correction of possible decisions, plus group discussion also helps to acantha up and support a decision that an individual may not wish to take on his or her own due to the take a chance involved.And finally group discussion allows for more satisfaction from the workers, as they unanimous tone involved with the project and decision that their work place is taking.Group decisions however can tend to be time consuming, everyone must be consulted on the problem and accordingly they must all find the time to conjointly diagnose the problem and decide a solution.Groups may also have the problem of not using the silk hat solution for the problem, although the group discussion allows for more subjects some members may not agree on the best solution and therefore a comprise solution will have to be used to gain group wide acceptance. A boarder instant of th is would be the risky shift phenomenon, this suggests that instead of groups taking few risks and making safer decisions the reverse is often the case. in that respect is a tendency for groups to make more risky decisions than an individual may take. Another point is that great deal run to make risks are more influential within the group than say the more conservative members, therefore good ideas could be lost.Group think is another problem that must be considered within a group. Groupthink tells us that pressures on individual members to conform and debate consensus mean that minority or unpopular ideas maybe suppressed. Members who oppose the group are stereotyped as being weak, stupid, and argumentative. As People may not wish to question any ideas of the group, bad ideas may drip through.One other big problem to group think as see we see in the example of Napster is that it can lead to a inherent morality of the group which in let go of can lead to members to be convince d of the logical correctness of what it is doing and to ignore ethical or moral consequences of decisions ( more harsher examples of groupthink would be Pearl harbour, Vietnam, Mullins99)The final problem is sight do not feel the same sense of responsibility for group decisions or their outcomes. A decision which is everyones is the responsibility of no one(Mullins,98)An example of disadvantages of group decision-making and group think can be seen by www.napster.com. Even when it was clear that their practice of providing free mp3s of the latest musical comedy material was wrong they decided as a group in the face of the courts to continue their practice. This was because their group norms supported them doing so and that they were the most seek after website on the Internet. However group members of Napster had to compromise all their value so as to keep dissent and as there was no clear reasonability everyone agreed to this illegal practice. If some members would have voiced th eir concerns and beliefs primitively in the process and put an end to the practice before the courts took everyplace they could have save themselves much time and money.However lets go back to advantages of group decision-making and look at the techniques used to promote it and stimulate creativity. focusing have realized that encourage employee participation in solve problems can be extremely advantageous toward the company. Frontline workers are constantly in couple with the needs, wants and concerns of the companies customers, it allows them fuller insight into how to possibly solve problemsthat concern the companys consumer base.When I first worked at Matalan they operated a system by where you could broadcast any ideas you had on how to improve the operation of the store and its service to the customers. If you idea was put into practice you would receive a financial reward. This system original many replies and allowed for many improvements to be implemented around many Matalan stores.There are many different ways in which can go after employee participation. The most common and well-known participation tool would be brainstorming. cogitate is a decision-making technique in which group members present spontaneous ideas and suggestions for solving the problem concerned. It allows any ideas regardless of how impractical they may seem. This in turn hopefully promotes freer and more creative thinking. Brain storming works on involving everyone, and encouraging communication, listening, and information sharing in the hope that it maximises ideas/possible solutions to problems and also minimises the risk of overlooking any points of the problem under question.An advancement of the brainstorming technique is the Delphi technique this is based on anonymous inputs from individual members of the group and then management assess the responses until a consensus is reached. This can be time consuming but overcomes the limitations of brainstorming and the syst ems of group think.Now Lets take for example many common marketing departments it is now commonplace for them to have basketball hoops, televisions, computers games, and other stimuli within the room. Management hope this will promote a relaxed environment within the group in the hope that it will allow for more creative thinking and brainstorming within the marketing group other techniques used for group decision making include signing a devils advocate. The devils advocate challenges the assumptions and assertions made by the group to prevent any immature consensus. (Daft,00) This it hopesforces the team who created the idea to solve the problem to examine and explain any risks that maybe associated with it.Another similar approach would be multiple advocacy. quadruplex advocacy, involves several advocates and allows for the presentation of several different points of view on the idea in question. It allows minority and unpopular opinions, decisions are therefore based on solid augment and the understanding of all the pros and cons.Conclusion.As we can see there are circumstances where group decisions are more necessary than others and it is up to the managers to decide which situations would be best to involve group decision. Although the decision of when to involve group decisions is entirely up to the manager there are models available such as vroom to help give guidance should they need it.Group participation offers a variety of different advantages for solving problems and tasks. It allows for the group as a whole to participate toward solving the task and allows for more creative thinking than would be condition by an individual. Groups cover all angles of a problem and enable any ideas to be looked at in detail before being implemented.However like all good things it has its disadvantages. Group participation includes such problems as groupthink and risky-shift phenomenon. These tell us that support can be given to ideas just to enable group harmony or because individuals dont wont to gain a reputation. It also includes the point that people inclined to take risks are more influential within the group.Whatever the disadvantages and advantages of group participation and performance, groups will always form part of the pattern of work organisation. It is merely a matter of judgement for the manager as to when, and how best, to use groups in the execution of work.

Jane Austen’s use of coincidence in Pride and Prejudice Essay

The plot of Jane Austens P nark and Prejudice relies heavily on what we c totally chance and concurrence. Jane Austens prime objective collide withmed to be establishing circumstances, through chance and coincidence which en equald opportunities for Mr. Darcy and Elizabeth to lease in concert. She used major book of factss such(prenominal) as Mr. Collins, Mr. Wickham and Mrs. Gardiner to appear at the call for mo handst they were needed to establish situations that brought Mr. Darcy and Elizabeth into shoemakers last proximity with one another. finished this, Ms. Austin, linked all the characters in the book to one another in some form or another. Mr. Collins is a coincidence himself. He might be an obsequious, pompous fool, who lacks common understanding except he rightful(prenominal) so happens to be the heir to Longbourn and a clergyman for Lady Catherine de Bough who just so happens to be the aunt of Mr. Darcy. His conception creates opportunities for Elizabeth and Dar cy to interact. For example, at Mr. Bingleys dismantley in Netherfield, Mr. Collins brought the reluctant love lifers to witnessher by unwillingly and unconsciously embarrassing himself. In Jane Austens clipping, brotherly classes were treated with the highest respect. Those higher up the social ladder take wide cargon in keeping their position. This requires years of lessons on the proper etiquette and manners on how to be work in public. Mr. Collins, at the time had not been introduced to the contemptuous Mr. Darcy. Trying to start a conversation with someone of higher elevation was a grave offence. Jane Austen used Mr. Collins to create opportunities where Miss Elizabeth and Mr. Darcy were forced to interact, forcing them to collar closer to each other. A couple of months aft(prenominal) Charlotte had travel in with Mr. Collins, Elizabeth decided to visit her friend and check on how she was doing instanter that she was living with Mr. Collins.This visit gave Jane Aust en all the freedom to let her characters run free. How eer, the dash Jane Austen went along to write this was all wrong. When Elizabeth visited Charlotte and Mr. Collins at their home in Roseings, Mr. Collins and his wife were invited to have dinner at Lady Catherine de Bourghs mansion. Elizabeth was allowed to come because she was a guest of Charlottes. At their arrival, the group keep an eye ons that just so happened that Mr. Darcy is tour his aunt at the same time. The same time Elizabeth was visiting Charlotte, Darcy happened tobe there. This coincidence seemed to have happened because Jane Austen wanted, in my opinion, for Mr. Darcy to see how terribly his aunt used her class to bully Elizabeth about herself, her family flaws, and her lower class. This might have brought up some empathy from Darcy, and an ability to recognize how foolish and insulting victimisation class would be. Perhaps this meeting also resulted in some affectionateness towards Elizabeth. Mr. Darcy is a n unusual man, he is already prideful, socially awkward and straight to the hitch. He also always seems to be wherever Elizabeth is. The man is either still hunt her or Ms. Austen is bending the truth. On a trip to the countryside with her Aunt and Uncle, Elizabeth got to discover this mans ways of (word). Being that that Mrs. Gardiner was from a village close to Mr. Darcys estate, Pemberley. She decided that it would be exciting to visit the property since they were so close. Elizabeth of course worried about running into Darcy in his own home, she was a bit paranoid. She noteed that She felt that she had no business at Pemberley, and was obliged to relieve a disinclination for seeing it. She assay to no prevail to pitch her stubborn aunts mind She must own that she was banal of seeing great houses after passing play over so many, she genuinely had no frolic in fine carpets or satin curtains. It is at this point that the coincidences Jane Austen weaves seem to get a littl e out of control. Upon arriving at Pemberley, Elizabeth and her relatives were winded away by the size and grandeur of the estate. Mr. Darcys house was so big apparently, that visitors had the opportunity to take tours of the grounds. The Gardiners did not come for the house, still the land and forests that surrounded the mansion. Coincidence happens while Elizabeth wanders around Mr. Darcys estate. Mr. Darcy short shows up seemingly out of flathere, Their eyes instantly met, and the cheeks of two were extend with the deepest blush, It was Jane Austens goal, from the start of the book, to get these two together and to start a flame of love between them. It was quite romantic but how Mr. Darcy just appeared, seems strange. Mr. Darcy was heading to London with Mr. Bingley when he left. Being that Darcy know kfresh that Elizabeth was in town, and that by now its clear Mr. Darcy has persuasions for Elizabeth, he invites Elizabeth and her Aunt and Uncle to dinner. For the most br eak away of the book, the general mood hasnt really seen any problems between the characters. It seems that Jane Austen position shehad left the characters in Meryton alone for long enough. As Elizabeth genuine a earn from Jane describing their situation Lydia had run off with Wickham endangering her and her familys reputation. The fact that Elizabeth gets this letter when she ran into Darcy, and that Darcy is the only one who could fix the problem does seem suspicions. The arrival and alleviate of Darcy further encourages Elizabeths change of heart, Jane Austen planned these coincidences perfectly, pushing Elizabeths feeling towards Darcy stronger than before. Mr. Wickham and Mr. Darcy have a history together, throughout the book we slowly get the whole story. These two also share a few coincidences which Jane Austen tried to hide. As a child, Wickhams beat was the steward of Mr. Darcys initiates house. However, when Wickhams make passed away Wickham had nowhere to go. Darcy s father felt bad for the boy so he was taken in and treated Wickham like his own son. For some time there was public security and happiness the boys got older as did their father. By the time his adopted father had died, Wickham had turned into a different person. He was gambling, lying, and lowlife. Any inheritance he received from his fathers death was gambled and lost. Darcy on the other hand, who had received the bulk of the cash, was smart and invested most of his money. When Wickham came crawling binding for more money, he was refused. This of course didnt make Wickham a happy man. To get revenge, he tried to elope with the young Georgina Darcy. Before the young couple could take off Darcy ended up dragging his sister back and refusing to ever see Wickham again. Darcy and Wickham are two of the main male characters. Jane Austen has done an amazing job in creating these fictional charters. But, she creates situations and makes them take choices that no normal person would ever do. For example, both Darcy and Wickham, who are from Derbyshire, come to provincial Meryton. Darcy came with Bingley house hunting and Wickham had been go there in his regiment. However, when they both show up within days of each other, one has to wonder if this really was pure chance. Was it pure coincidence? Would it really happen?Mr. Wickham, as I explained before, hates Mr. Darcy for refuses to give him the money he thinks he so rightfully deserves. Itching for revenge, Mr. Wickham learns of Mr. Darcys plans to go to Meryton. I believe Mr. Wickham jumped at this opportunity. He switched (battalions) to go to Meryton.However, Mr. Darcy was far too strong and influential for Mr. Wickham to hurt him physically or economically. As a acute fellow, he went after something dearer to Mr. Darcys heart Elizabeth It makes sense I wondered wherefore Wickham would choose Elizabeth of all the Bennet sisters to favour his attentions. He seems to like women who are compliant and pref erably with money, yet he picks Elizabeth, who is not as charming as Jane, nor as flirtatious as Lydia, and who has no money. He doesnt seem the sort of fellow who would like a women who challenges and teases him, yet he still chooses Elizabeth. why? Elizabeth, her sisters and Mr. Collins are walking down the pathway when they spot Denny and Wickham coming the other caution. Kitty and Lydia want to meet this new handsome fellow, so under the pretense of wanting something from a shop, they engineer the others across the street. They have just reached the pavement where they encounter Denny and Wickham who have now changed directions and come back an extraordinarily detailed and unnecessary stage direction, but when you play it out, it means Denny and Wickham are now facing in the direction that they will see someone riding from Netherfield in the direction of Longbourn. Darcy and Bingley ride down the street on their way to Longbourn and distinguish the ladies of the group. They come forward, Bingley converses with Jane, and Darcy proceeded to table to the ladies. Darcy, who would have been missing Elizabeths presence at Netherfield, was beginning to touch on not to fix his eyes on Elizabeth, so one outhouse assume that until that point his eyes were in fact fixed on her. Presumably hes paying no attention to the men in ordinary dress, but when he looks away from Elizabeth as part of his determination not to look at her, he notices Wickham.Now lets take the same scene from Wickhams point of view. He is being introduced to some pretty ladies when Darcy and some other fellows ride up to the group. Darcys gaze is fixed on one of the ladies. Wickham would notice Darcys presence right away. The observant and enterprising fellow that he is, he would also notice who Darcy happens to be staring at in his love-struck way. Wickham knows Darcy genuinely well, much better than Charlotte Lucas who is then able to recognize Darcys pursuit in Elizabeth. Would he not see it as well, and perceive both a danger and an opportunity there? The very next time Wickham sees Elizabeth, he singles her out and asks her hesitatingly about her acquaintance with Darcy. Shedoesnt mince words in her reply. What an opportunity for Wickham he can decant his poison into the ear of the woman Darcy wants for himself, and then hes going to charm her to boot. Hed derive a lot of pleasure from making Darcys love pursuit fall in love with him instead. After Elizabeth returns from Kent, she tells Wickham in late May that she and Darcy became better acquainted at Roseings and that she has changed her mind about him, and she is openly amused when he refers to Darcys vatical engagement to Anne de Bough. Wouldnt Wickham, knowing of Darcys ancient interest in Elizabeth, assume that their relationship might now be romantic? flying forward to Brighton, where Wickham out of the blue starts romancing Lydia, in whom he has never shown interest before. Is it because shes easy or because he sees her as Darcys capability sister-in-law, and therefore a source of both revenge and money? Suppose, then, that Lydia happens to mention to him in late June the news that Lizzy, who was supposed to go to the Lakes, is going to Derbyshire instead. Why would Elizabeth unexpectedly be going to Derbyshire, and to a village not v miles from Pemberley? Wickham sees an opportunity, and he elopes with Lydia just over a month later on August 1. It seems likely, broken down that way, that Wickham actively targeted Elizabeth and later Lydia as a means of revenge on Darcy.Pride and Prejudice follows the main character Elizabeth Bennet as she deals with issues of manners, upbringing, morality, education, and marriage in the society of the landed nobility of early 19th-century England. The author Jane Austen did a brilliant job in authorship this book, we discover an exciting storyline full of suspense and romance, and a spue of characters that have kept this book alive thro ughout the ages. Mrs. Austens limpid objective was to establish circumstances, through chance and coincidence which enabled opportunities for Mr. Darcy and Elizabeth see past each others pride and prejudice to, in the end, get together. To establish situations that brought Mr. Darcy and Elizabeth into close proximity with one another, she used major characters such as Mr. Collins, Mr. Wickham and Mrs. Gardiner to appear at the exact moment they were needed. She was also able to connect all of these characters together in one way or another. Coincidences happen in our world all the same as the ones in fictional works of art. However, we dont seem to notice these connections until after we think and reflect.This is what I have done with this essay, I believe that I have uncovered some exciting coincidences Jane Austen wove into Pride and Prejudice, but I dont believe I have covered them all. This is all the more reason that Jane Austen is an amazing author, she makes us have to go ba ck and think about what we just read to discover the true core behind her words.