Bandwidth :: essays research papers

Computers store all information as binary numbers. The binary number system uses two binary digits, 0 and 1, which ar called bits. The amount of data that a computer net profit dejection manoeuvre in a certain amount of time is called the bandwidth of the network and is measurable in kilobits per second (kbps) or megabits per second (mbps). A kilobit is 1 grand piano bits a megabit is 1 million bits. A dial-up telephone modem can transfer data at rates up to 56 kbps digital subscriber line and cable modem connections ar much faster and can transfer at several mbps. The earnings connections used by businesses often mold at 155 mbps, and connections between routers in the heart of the Internet may operate at rates from 2,488 to 9,953 mbps (9.953 gigabits per second) The terms wideband or broadband are used to characterize networks with high capacity and to distinguish them from narrowband networks, which have hapless capacity. Research on dividing information into packets a nd switching them from computer to computer began in the 1960s. The U.S. Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) funded a search project that progress tod a packet switching network known as the ARPANET. ARPA also funded research projects that produced two satellite networks. In the 1970s ARPA was set about with a dilemma Each of its networks had advantages for some situations, but each network was incompatible with the others. ARPA focused research on ways that networks could be interconnected, and the Internet was envisioned and created to be an interconnection of networks that use TCP/IP protocols. In the early 1980s a group of academic computer scientists organize the Computer Science earnings, which used TCP/IP protocols. Other presidential term agencies extended the role of TCP/IP by applying it to their networks The Department of Energys magnetized Fusion Energy Network (MFENet), the High Energy Physics NETwork (HEPNET), and the National Science Foundation NETwork (NSFNET). In the 1980s, as striking commercial companies began to use TCP/IP to build private internets, ARPA investigated transmitting of multimediaaudio, video, and graphicsacross the Internet. Other groups investigated hypertext and created tools such as gauffer that allowed users to browse menus, which are lists of possible options. In 1989 many of these technologies were combined to create the World Wide Web.