Inventions Are Not Just Scientific Advancement but Also Cultural Practices

scientific inventions are not clean scientific progress but to a fault heathenish practices The paper is to explain Hugh Mackays arguments regarding how technology is al paths cultural d whizz with(predicate) and through. In relation to his conceptions, cassette-based Walkman, Discman and iPod are mathematical functiond as exercises to illustrate how technical inventions are not just scientific advancement but besides cultural practices. In the book Consumption and daily Life published in 1997, Hugh Mackay argued that technology is cultural through and through, stating that every(prenominal) technological artifacts is tot tout ensembley connect with and influenced by culture.The argument dirty dog be analyzed in more details by applying the slickness of take-away music players (PMPs) to the Circuit of Culture. The Circuit consists of five major cultural processes, which are production, regulation, representation and consumption and personal identity of certain artif acts. The Circuit tooshie start at any point, and one must go through every process when studying each case completely. As all parts are connected with each other, it may appear over again in other parts (Martin, 2003). To begin with, the process of production is form culturally. In the past, Sony did not intend to do market research until the Walkman is introduced.Now every companies recognize the importance of market research (will be discussed later). Besides, Sony designers make out broad functional and occupational status that motivate their work (du Gay, P. , 1997, p. 58-59, 62-63). As the Walkman and so Sony becomes so successful, designers and programmers in technological artifacts producers like Microsoft and Apple are extremely valued. Similarly, one of the reasons that why iPod becomes popular is that Apple performs excellent market researches and provides a comfortable working environment for its designers.Representation of PMPs refers to how they are imaged and defined. Since the Walkman was initially designed for preadolescent music-listeners, its advertisements often focus on the technical qualities of the Walkman small but with advanced sound quality, which is unbelievable at that time (du Gay, P. , 1997, p. 26). tho then the market research shows that not precisely youngsters but also those who participate in outdoor activities consume the Walkman. Therefore Sony started to customize the Walkman to satisfy unalike markets in Japan and all over the world.For example, solar-powered, water proof and other surplus designs for outdoor activities are then develop for hikers and divers (du Gay, P. , 1997, p. 65-68). This not only shows that how advertising thunder mug shape a product and open in the buff market, but also how important market research is knowing what consumers loss is the key to produce a popular product. Furthermore, although the Walkman was originally decided for take-away music, but as times goes and technology advances, different consumers now use PMPs for different purposes.For example, most teenagers may use it to listen to their witness music. For clergies and self-righteous believers, they may be used to listen to the scripture or sermon. For up-and-coming learners, they may keep learning when they are travelling by earshot to talking-books. Sometimes even museum or gallery visitors help themselves to focus on their trip or enhance their imagination by listening to or so scenery music. In fact, how PMPs were consumed can show its identity. PMPs associate different people and groups with the environment differently.According to Sonys own market research into the Walkman usage, it can be divided to two parts, namely escape and enhancement. The originator one refers to the most common usage listening to music or talking-books by PMPs while travelling, which usually provide an opportunity for one to enjoy his or her small world, but disconnect one from the touch background music and hence the society temporarily. The latter one refers to development PMPs to focus on ones work or just relax, which actually help one to strengthen ones confederacy to the environment or the productivity in work mall (du Gay, P. 1997, p. 92-94). While intercommunicate and television encouraging home-based consumption, PMPs has introduced a new culture of consumption and the way of listening to music private listening at public place, which has blurred the difference of public and private place. In the past, it was widely authentic that public place refer to space shared by everyone in the community, while private place refer to space owned by particular person or group, say, ones home (du Gay, P. , 1997, p. 113-114). But now, everyone with a PMP can enjoy his or her own music or channels in public place.If one plays his or her PMSs too loudly, it may disturb the one around him or her. Therefore, in some place, for example the capital of the United Kingdom Underground, there exi st regulations limiting the maximum volume of PMPs (du Gay, P. , 1997, p. 117). And in Hong Kong, there are several quite carriages in former KCR discourage people from making noise in the carriages. Apart from the Circuit of Culture, the rendering from cassette-based Walkman and the Discman to iPod (and smart phone) is cultural, too.Firstly, the size of PMPs is getting smaller so that it is easier to carry in todays busy and crowded cities. Secondly, the mode of playing and selecting music has changed, too. Using the Walkman and the Discman, one could only forward or backward the nitty-gritty linearly, or else one may need to make his or her own cassette or CD. But nowadays one may set up his or her own playlist by using iTunes to combine ones favourite songs from different albums easily instead of bringing portable hardware like cassettes and CDs out.Last but not least, iPod has much more functions than the Walkman and the Discman, such as photo viewer, calendar, stopwatch and many games. All these changes are responding the groundbreaking font culture advocating for convenience, freedom and individualism. To conclude, the production of a product is closely related with its consumption, and market research is the bridge between the two that helps customize the identity of the product and hence helps the company to represent it by advertisement.The invention of PMPs has developed a new culture of listening to music, which is a reflection of our modern culture but for the good of the community, its usage needs to be modulate so as to protect the right of every users and non-users nearby. Finally, it shows us that these technological inventions are not just scientific advancement but also about cultural practices all the time. Reference du Gay, P. , Hall, S. , James, N. , Mackay, H. and Negus, K. 1997 Doing Cultural Studies The Story of the Sony Walkman, London Sage Martin, F. (ed. ) 2003 Interpreting Everyday Culture, London Arnold. 176-178